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endocrine S. Horvath > Calcium > Flashcards

Calcium Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Why is Ca important?

A
  • nerve conduction
  • bone formation
  • muscle formation
  • blood coagulation
  • cerebral and cardiac function
  • capillary permeability
  • cell growth and division
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2
Q

the body contains ___kg of CA

A

1-2

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3
Q

How much Ca Is in the ionized (active) form?

A

50%

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4
Q

T/F: the ionized form is the most important form for calcium functions on heart, the nervous system, and bone formation

A

True

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5
Q

Of the non-ionized Ca, ___ is protein bound (primarily albumin) and ___ is combined with anions (diffusible)

A

41%, 9%

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6
Q

plasma calcium equilibrates with bone Ca++, but only ___ of bone Ca is readily exchangeable

A

0.5%

the rest is slowly exchangeable

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7
Q

T/F: Hypercalcemia causes nervous system excitement

A

FALSE - hypo

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8
Q

Hypocalcemia causes increased neuronal permeability to __, easy action potentials

A

Na

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9
Q

Chvostek’s sign is caused by ___ and is recognized how?

A

hypocalcemia, tapping facial nerve leads to twitching

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10
Q

T/F: Hypocalcemia leads to a prolonged QT

A

TRUE

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11
Q

Hypocalcemia leads to __ and ___. most common is in the ____, carpopedal spasm

A

tetany, seizures, hand

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12
Q

The chief manifestation of hypercalcemia is

A

skeletal muscle weakness

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13
Q

S/S that are a result of HYPERca –> nervous system depression include

A

short qt, long PR interval, constipation, anorexia

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14
Q

Treatment for HyperCa

A

maintain UOP, hydrate, administer mithramycin in severe cases

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15
Q

The body contains __kg of phosphorus, and it is located __ skeletal, __% muscle/tissue, and __% ECF

A

1, 85, 15, 1

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16
Q

__% of Phos circulates in plasma protein bound

A

12

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17
Q

T/F Phos levels fluctuate significantly more than Ca++ because Ph moves between ECF and bone as well as between ECF and ICF

A

TRUE

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18
Q

Phos enters ECF via what 3 routes

A

GI, ICF, bone

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19
Q

phos leaves via what 3 routes

A

urine, ICF, bone

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20
Q

T/F The major control site for phosphorus is the liver

A

FALSE - kidney

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21
Q

___ increases urinary excretion of phos

A

parathyroid. Calcitonin to a lesser extent

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22
Q

GI absorption of Phos is increased by

A

1,25 D3

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23
Q

Parathyroid consists of __ glands

A

4

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24
Q

where is the parathyroid located

A

behind the upper and lower poles of the thyroid

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25
Parathyroid contain mainly ___ cells and ___ cells
chief, oxyphil
26
T/F Oxyphil cells secrete PTH
FALSE Chief cells
27
Synthesis and secretion of PTH is related to ____ concentrations in the blood.
Calcium
28
3 reasons for parathyroid enlargement?
prolonged stimulation, pregnancy, lactation
29
calcium homeostasis slide???
look up
30
T/F PTH Increases reabsorption of Ca++ in the kidney's proximal tubules
FALSE - distal tubules
31
T/F PTH decreases reabsorption of phosphate in the renal tubules
TRUe
32
PTH increases ___ reabsorption to mobilize __ and ___
bone, ca, phos
33
PTH increases the production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol which is a Vit D metabolite which enhances _____
intestinal Ca++ absorption
34
the major stimulus for PTH is
low serum Ca++ level
35
Bone resorption is the process by which
osteoclasts break down bone and release Ca from bone fluid to blood
36
Rapid: activation of ____ for rapid reabsorption
bone
37
Delayed: activates/proliferates ___ for bone matrix break down
osteoclasts
38
increases in PTH results in ___ ca and ____ phosphate in the serum
increased, decreased
39
Increases in PTH results in increased excretion of ___, ____ and ___ by increasing ___ ___ and ____ reabsorption, largely in distal tubules and collecting ducts
phosphate, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, hydrogen.
40
Where is calcitonin produced
the parafollicular (clear or C cells) of the thyroid
41
T/F Calcitonin has a similar affect of PTH
FALSE - opposite effect
42
Functions of Calcitonin:
inhibits bone reabsorption, increases urinary excretion of calcium immediate: decreases osteoclastic activity and osteolysis of osteocytes delayed: decreases osteoclast formation
43
calcitonin will cause ___ in serum ___ and ____ levels, and increased excretion of both
calcium, phosphate
44
T/F Excess or deficiency of calcitonin leads to defects in bone or calcium metabolism
FALSE- effect is weak
45
T/F Vitamin D has a potent effect to increase calcium absorption from the intestinal tract
TRUE
46
Vitamin D has important effects on both bone ____ and bone ____
deposition, absorption
47
T/F Vitamin D is an active substance
FALSE - must be converted to its active product 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
48
Vitamin D3 is formed in the skin by _____
exposure to sunlight
49
Vitamin D3 is converted to 1.25-dihydroxycholecalciferol by the ____
liver
50
GI absorption of Ca++ is increased by _____
vitamin D
51
urinary excretion is _____ by PTH and _____ by calcitonin
decreased, increased
52
bone resorption is increased by ____ and inhibited by ____
PTH, calcitonin
53
____ is usually a result of a surgical damage to the glad during thyroid surgery
hypoparathyroidism
54
Calcium levels fall below normal in 24-72h which results in 4 things:
``` -tetany (calcium ion interferes with membrane transport, interferes with the relaxation of the muscle) -muscle cramps -grand mal seizures -cardiovascular collapse ```
55
treatment of hypoparathyroidism
-PTH (expensive, short half life) -high ca and Vit D intake (occasionally 1/25-D3 necessary)
56
T/F: hypomagnesemia can cause hypocalcemia resistant to calcium
TRUE - must treat first with magnesium. magnesium suppresses the release of PTH
57
primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by?
inappropriate hyper secretion of PTH resulting in hypercalemia
58
Primary hyperparathyroidism effects
- hypercalcemia - hypercalciuria - hypophosphatemia - hyperphosphaturia - bone mineralization - shortened QT interval, depresses relaxation - causes kidney stone formation as Ca+++ mobilized from bone must eventually be excreted by kidneys
59
most common cause of hyperparathyroidism is ____ hyperplasia or tumor
parathyriod
60
T/F Pregnancy may stimulate the parathyroids
TRUE
61
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by
hypersecretion of PTH in response to hypocalcemic stress
62
secondary hyperparathyroidism results in
osteomalacia (inadequate mineralization of the bones)
63
vitamin D deficiency is caused by
- inadequate dietary syndrome - often due to fat malabsorption syndrome - inadequate sunlight
64
Vit D deficiency results in ____ in adults and ____ in children
osteomalacia, rickets (bones fail to mineralize, epiphyses fail to fuse, epiphyseal plates widen and bowing and fractures occur)
65
T/F Vitamin D deficiency causes decreased absorption of ca and phos, decreased serum calcium and phosphate, increased PTH and increased bone resorption
TRUE
66
1g of calcium chloride contains the equivalent amount of ionized calcium as __g of calcium gluconate
3
67
Calcium therapy is indicated in patients with hypotension associated with either ___ or ___
CCB's or beta adrengeric blockers
68
calcium is indicated in causes of _____ as may occur in parturients being treated for preeclampsia
magnesium toxicity
69
calcium is contraindicated in patients with ____ as it may cause lethal arrhythmias
digoxin toxicity

endocrine S. Horvath (6 decks)

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