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Abdomen > Pancreas > Flashcards

Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

the pancreas is what type or organ within where?

A

Retroperitoneal within anterior para renal space

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2
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Posterior to the lesser sac

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3
Q

What is the AP dimension for the pancreas head?

A

3.5 cm or less

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4
Q

What is the AP dimension for the pancreas neck?

A

1-2.5 cm or less

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5
Q

What is the AP dimension for the pancreas body?

A

2.5 cm or less

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6
Q

What is the AP dimension for the pancreas tail?

A

2-2.5 cm or less

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7
Q

The uncinate process is part of what area of the pancreas?

A

Head

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8
Q

What do acini cells do?

A

Secrete digestive enzymes

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9
Q

What part of the pancreas is located medial to the C-loop of duodenum, anterior to the IVC, and inferior to the caudate liver lobe?

A

Head of Pancreas

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10
Q

What part of the pancreas is directly anterior to SMV or portalsplenic confluence?

A

Pancreas neck

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11
Q

What part of the pancreas is located posterior to portions of the stomach, duodenum, and left liver lobe?

A

Body of pancreas

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12
Q

What part of the pancreas is anterior and medial to left kidney, posterior to stomach, medial to spleen?

A

Pancreas tail

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13
Q

The main pancreatic duct is also known as?

A

Duct of wirsung

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14
Q

What two arteries supply the pancreas?

A

Splenic & pancreaticoduodenal

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15
Q

What are the enzymes of exocrine?

A

Acinar, lipase, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, and amylase

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16
Q

Which enzyme secretes digestive enzymes?

A

Acinar

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17
Q

Which enzyme breaks down fat?

A

Lipase

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18
Q

Which enzymes are preproteolytic enzymes that break down proteins to amino acids?

A

Trypsinogen and Chymotrypsinogen

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19
Q

Which enzyme breaks down complex carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

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20
Q

How much fluid per day can the pancreas secrete?

A

1500 mL

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21
Q

What is exocrine?

A

Secretes enzymes into a duct

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22
Q

What is endocrine?

A

Hormones secrete into blood/tissues

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23
Q

What do the cells of the islets of Langerhans do?

A

Alpha cells secrete glucagon, Beta cells secrete insulin, Delta cells secrete somatostatin

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24
Q

In amylase, elevated levels are associated with?

A

Pancreatic diseases, biliary, bowel obstruction, and peptic ulcer

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25
Q

In amylase, decreased levels are associated with?

A

Permanent damage of the pancreas, hepatitis, and liver cirrhosis

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26
Q

Which lab value indicates acute pancreatitis when 2x the normal level?

27
Q

Which lab value has elevated lipase that may indicate acute pancreatitis or pancreatic carcinoma?

28
Q

Which lab value has total serum bilirubin values increased when pancreatic head obstructs the CBD?

A

Bilirubin and liver

29
Q

Which lab value may indicate glucose metabolic disorder?

A

Elevated or decreased glucose

30
Q

What is an annular pancreas?

A

Congenital anomaly

31
Q

What are possible indications for an ultrasound of the pancreas?

A

Epigastric pain, Abdominal pain, Abdominal distension, Jaundice

32
Q

What does patient prep involve for a pancreas ultrasound exam?

A

NPO 8-12 HOURS PRIOR TO EXAM

33
Q

What are the most common causes of acute pancreatitis?

A

EDEMATOUS FORM (MOST COMMON), NECROTIZING FORM

34
Q

What is a pancreatic pseudocyst?

A

A collection of fluid that resulted from an inflammatory process

35
Q

What is a phlegmon?

A

An inflammatory process that spreads along fascial pathways

36
Q

Why is a case of hemorrhagic pancreatitis so dangerous?

A

Fast of acute pancreatitis with rupture of pancreatic vessels resulting in hemorrhage

37
Q

What disorder is an inherited disorder of the exocrine glands causing viscous secretion and dysfunction of the pancreas exocrine function?

A

Cystic fibrosis

38
Q

This is the ultrasound appearance of : Pancreas appears hyperechoic, and decreased size of pancreas

A

Cystic fibrosis

39
Q

What is a pancreatic cyst caused by?

A

Ductal obstruction

40
Q

This is the ultrasound appearance of : Homogeneous, mid gray to medium gray echoes, equal to or more echogenic than liver, becomes more echogenic with age, and has a smooth contour

A

Normal pancreas

41
Q

What should you do if you cannot visualize the pancreas?

A

Identify where you know the anatomy is and write down why you couldn’t scan it

42
Q

What can the posterior wall of the stomach appear to be?

A

Duct of wirsung

43
Q

How much water should a patient drink through a straw?

A

32 ml – 300 ml

44
Q

Pancreatic cysts may be associated with cysts in which other organs?

A

Kidney & liver

45
Q

These are the complications of : Pseudocyst formation, phlegmon, abscess, hemorrhage, and duodenal obstruction

A

Acute pancreatitis

46
Q

What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis?

A

Biliary tract disease & excessive alcohol intake

47
Q

These are the signs and symptoms of : Constant epigastric and back pain, weight loss, steatorrhea, and diabetes mellitus

A

Chronic pancreatitis

48
Q

These are the signs and symptoms of : Severe epigastric pain which radiates to back, nausea and vomiting, malaise, abdominal distention, fever, jaundice, and history of gallstones and alcohol abuse

A

Acute pancreatitis

49
Q

These are the signs and symptoms of: Weight loss, chronic abdominal pain, back pain, painless jaundice, palpable abdominal mass, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and malaise

A

Pancreatic carcinoma

50
Q

This is the ultrasound appearance of: Most common in pancreatic head, hypoechoic mass, poorly defined, usually greater than 2cm, Courvoisier sign, liver mets, and ascites

A

Pancreatic carcinoma

51
Q

What are the risk factors for pancreatic carcinoma?

A

More than 90% of all malignant pancreatic tumors, Blacks more than whites, Males more than females, Diet high in fat; low in fruits & vegetables, Increase with smoking, Chronic pancreatitis, Age; more common after 60 years, 4th most common cause of cancer-related mortality after lung, breast, and colon cancers

52
Q

What is Courvoisier sign and what is it associated with?

A

Where a patient presents with painless jaundice and a palpable, enlarged gallbladder, typically associated with a malignant obstruction of the bile duct, most commonly caused by pancreatic cancer.

53
Q

Describe the different types of acini cell tumors.

A

Adenocarcinoma – pancreatic carcinoma, Serous cystadenoma, Mucinous cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma

54
Q

What are the different types of islet cell tumors?

A

Insulinoma, gastrinoma, and glucagonoma

55
Q

Which islet cell tumor is most common?

A

Insulinoma (B cell)

56
Q

Which islet cell is the 2nd most common?

A

Gastrinoma (G cell)

57
Q

Which islet cell is usually benign (90-95%)?

A

Insulinoma

58
Q

Which islet cell is rare?

A

Glucagonoma

59
Q

Which islet cell produces Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

Gastrinoma

60
Q

What is a benign tumor, but can become malignant, common in women, and commonly found on pancreas body/tail?

A

Mucinous cystadenoma

61
Q

What is a benign tumor, common in women, and commonly found on pancreas head?

A

Serous cystadenoma

62
Q

What are the two functions of the pancreas?

A

Endocrine and exocrine

63
Q

Which lab values would be important for pancreatitis?

A

Serum amylase and lipase levels

Abdomen (6 decks)

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