pancreas Flashcards
pancreas location
1. ___ to the stomach
2. ___ to the liver
- posterior
- inferior
pancreas dual function
has both
1. exocrine =
2. endocrine (pancreatic islets) =
- acinar cells
- alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, and PP cells
acinar cells produce enzyme rich juice for
digestion
alpha cells produce
glucagon
beta cells produce
insulin
alpha and beta cells are regulated by
blood glucose levels
insulin and glucagon are what stimulus
humoral
glucagons major target
liver
glucagon is released in response to ___ blood glucose
low
glucagon __ blood glucose to 5mM between meals
increases
glucagon promotes
1. glycogenolysis = breakdown of __ to glucose
2. gluconeogenesis = synthesis of glucose from __ acid and noncarbohydrates (__ and __)
- glycogen
- lactic, fat and amino acids
insulin’s major targets
liver, adipose, and muscle (skeletal and cardiac)
insulin is released in response to __ blood glucose
high
insulin ___ blood glucose to resting levels (5mM)
decreases
insulin promotes
1. uptake or glucose into __ and __ cells
2. use glucose for __ production
3. glycogen synthesis in __ and __
4. convert glucose to __
5. inhibition of __ and __
- muscle and fat cells
- ATP
- liver and muscle
- fat
- glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
factors that enhance insulin release
elevated blood glucose levels
release of acetylcholine by parasympathetic fibers
factors that inhibit insulin release
epinephrine and norepinephrine
regulation of insulin release
1. ___ diffusion
2. stimulates __ production
3. increases __/__ ratio
4. closes __ channel
5. membrane ___
6. __ influx
7. __ dependent exocytosis of insulin
- facilitated
- ATP
- ATP/ADP
- K+ ATP
- depolarization
- calcium
- calcium
homeostatic imbalances of insulin
hyperinsulinism = excessive insulin secretion with
- normal insulin receptor sensitivity on tissues causes ___ (low blood glucose levels)
a. disorientation, unconsciousness, even death - reduced insulin receptor sensitivity on tissues causes __ (high blood glucose levels)
a. generate __
b. stimulates autophagy (__ eating) - at risk for __
- hypoglycemia
- hyperglycemia
a. ketones
b. self - diabetes
glycosuria =
glucose spilled into urine
polyuria =
huge urine output
glucose acts as osmotic diuretic
polydipsia =
excessive thirst from water loss due to polyuria
polyphagia =
excessive hunger and food consumption
cells cannot take up glucose; are starving
what is bad about prolonged hyperglycemia?
prolonged increase in blood glucose causes increased glycosylation of proteins and lipids
neuronal and cardiovascular damage
delayed wound healing
A1C test
testing amount of sugars on your ___
checks to see if blood glucose has stayed down for the last __ months
above __ is considered a diabetic patient
hemoglobin
3-4
6.5 mM
diabetes mellitus: Type 1 Juvenile
1. autoimmune disease that attacked beta cells so their pancreas produces insufficient amounts of __
2. strikes at a __ age and lasts a ___
3. just to survive, patients have to take multiple ___
- insulin
- young, lifetime
- injections or through a pump
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2
1. metabolic disorder that most commonly afflicts __ and __ patients
- can be caused by
a. insulin receptor __
b. poor insulin ___ - does not always require ___ injections
- usually diagnosed in ___
- treatments = medication to improve ___ to insulin or medication to enhance insulin ___
- increased ___ has led to a recent rise in cases of T2D
- elderly and overweight
2a. insensitivity
2b. production
- insulin
- adulthood
- sensitivity, production
- obesity
gestational diabetes
1. high blood glucose during ___
- can be treated by first regulating the ___
- could develop into ___
- could give rise to larger ___
a. because __ increases blood glucose
- pregnancy
- diet
- T2D
- newborns (19 pounds!)
- growth hormone
