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Physiology Lecture 12 > pancreas > Flashcards

pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

pancreas location
1. ___ to the stomach
2. ___ to the liver

A
  1. posterior
  2. inferior
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2
Q

pancreas dual function
has both
1. exocrine =
2. endocrine (pancreatic islets) =

A
  1. acinar cells
  2. alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, and PP cells
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3
Q

acinar cells produce enzyme rich juice for

A

digestion

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4
Q

alpha cells produce

A

glucagon

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5
Q

beta cells produce

A

insulin

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6
Q

alpha and beta cells are regulated by

A

blood glucose levels

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7
Q

insulin and glucagon are what stimulus

A

humoral

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8
Q

glucagons major target

A

liver

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9
Q

glucagon is released in response to ___ blood glucose

A

low

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10
Q

glucagon __ blood glucose to 5mM between meals

A

increases

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11
Q

glucagon promotes
1. glycogenolysis = breakdown of __ to glucose
2. gluconeogenesis = synthesis of glucose from __ acid and noncarbohydrates (__ and __)

A
  1. glycogen
  2. lactic, fat and amino acids
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12
Q

insulin’s major targets

A

liver, adipose, and muscle (skeletal and cardiac)

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13
Q

insulin is released in response to __ blood glucose

A

high

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14
Q

insulin ___ blood glucose to resting levels (5mM)

A

decreases

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15
Q

insulin promotes
1. uptake or glucose into __ and __ cells
2. use glucose for __ production
3. glycogen synthesis in __ and __
4. convert glucose to __
5. inhibition of __ and __

A
  1. muscle and fat cells
  2. ATP
  3. liver and muscle
  4. fat
  5. glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
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16
Q

factors that enhance insulin release

A

elevated blood glucose levels

release of acetylcholine by parasympathetic fibers

17
Q

factors that inhibit insulin release

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

18
Q

regulation of insulin release
1. ___ diffusion
2. stimulates __ production
3. increases __/__ ratio
4. closes __ channel
5. membrane ___
6. __ influx
7. __ dependent exocytosis of insulin

A
  1. facilitated
  2. ATP
  3. ATP/ADP
  4. K+ ATP
  5. depolarization
  6. calcium
  7. calcium
19
Q

homeostatic imbalances of insulin
hyperinsulinism = excessive insulin secretion with

  1. normal insulin receptor sensitivity on tissues causes ___ (low blood glucose levels)
    a. disorientation, unconsciousness, even death
  2. reduced insulin receptor sensitivity on tissues causes __ (high blood glucose levels)
    a. generate __
    b. stimulates autophagy (__ eating)
  3. at risk for __
A
  1. hypoglycemia
  2. hyperglycemia
    a. ketones
    b. self
  3. diabetes
20
Q

glycosuria =

A

glucose spilled into urine

21
Q

polyuria =

A

huge urine output
glucose acts as osmotic diuretic

22
Q

polydipsia =

A

excessive thirst from water loss due to polyuria

23
Q

polyphagia =

A

excessive hunger and food consumption
cells cannot take up glucose; are starving

24
Q

what is bad about prolonged hyperglycemia?

A

prolonged increase in blood glucose causes increased glycosylation of proteins and lipids

neuronal and cardiovascular damage

delayed wound healing

25
Q

A1C test
testing amount of sugars on your ___

checks to see if blood glucose has stayed down for the last __ months

above __ is considered a diabetic patient

A

hemoglobin

3-4

6.5 mM

26
Q

diabetes mellitus: Type 1 Juvenile
1. autoimmune disease that attacked beta cells so their pancreas produces insufficient amounts of __
2. strikes at a __ age and lasts a ___
3. just to survive, patients have to take multiple ___

A
  1. insulin
  2. young, lifetime
  3. injections or through a pump
27
Q

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2
1. metabolic disorder that most commonly afflicts __ and __ patients

  1. can be caused by
    a. insulin receptor __
    b. poor insulin ___
  2. does not always require ___ injections
  3. usually diagnosed in ___
  4. treatments = medication to improve ___ to insulin or medication to enhance insulin ___
  5. increased ___ has led to a recent rise in cases of T2D
A
  1. elderly and overweight

2a. insensitivity
2b. production

  1. insulin
  2. adulthood
  3. sensitivity, production
  4. obesity
28
Q

gestational diabetes
1. high blood glucose during ___

  1. can be treated by first regulating the ___
  2. could develop into ___
  3. could give rise to larger ___
    a. because __ increases blood glucose
A
  1. pregnancy
  2. diet
  3. T2D
  4. newborns (19 pounds!)
  5. growth hormone

Physiology Lecture 12 (4 decks)

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