Pancreas Flashcards
acute pancreatitis causes
- Alcoholism
- Obstruction of pancreatic duct system
- Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)
- Infections
- Mumps virus
acute pancreatitis morphology
- Head of pancreas shows haemorrhage & necrosis
- Chicken broth peritoneal fluid
acute pancreatitis clinical features
Intense, constant abdominal pain, often referred to the upper back or even to the left shoulder
acute pancreatitis diagnosis
- Raised serum amylase & lipase
- Glycosuria
- Hypercalcemia
acute pancreatitis complications
- Systemic organ failure
- ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)
- Acute renal failure (acute renal tubular necrosis)
- Pancreatic pseudocyst formation
chronic pancreatitis causes
- Long-term alcohol abuse (most common cause)
- Autoimmune injury (autoimmune pancreatitis)
chronic pancreatitis morphology
- Atrophy and dropout of acini
- Pseudocysts
chronic pancreatitis complications
- Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency → Chronic malabsorption
- Pancreatic endocrine insufficiency → Diabetes mellitus
pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma epiD
- Very aggressive, one of the highest mortality rates
- Usually occurs in 60-80 year olds
- Exocrine tumour (more common than pancreatic endocrine tumours)
risk factors for ductal adenocarcinoma
Smoking, high fat diet, DM, chronic pancreatitis
percentage of Locations of pancreatic carcinoma
- Head - 60%
- Body - 15%
- Tail - 5%
- Entire gland - 20%
pancreatic ductal carcinoma morphology
Gross:
- Large, pale, firm mass with infiltrative border
Histology:
- Adenocarcinoma with Desmoplasia
complications of ductal adenocarcinoma
- Head of pancreas lesion → bile duct obstruction → jaundice
- Malignant thrombophlebitis
- Systemic symptoms: cachexia, loss of appetite, lethargy
what is PanIN
Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (precursor lesion of pancreatic carcinoma)
Genetic mutations that cause PanIN
KRAS (oncogene)
SMAD4, TP53 (Tumour suppressor genes)
morphology of PanNET tumours
Gross:
- Solid pale masses
Histology:
- ‘salt and pepper’ chromatin
