Blood Flashcards
iron deficiency anaemia type of anaemia
- Small - low MCV (microcytic)
- Pale - low MCH (hypochromic)
predisposing factors to iron deficiency anaemia
- Increased iron loss
- GI bleed
- Menstruation
- Drugs: NSAIDs, Aspirin, Blood thinners
- Increased iron requirement
- Pregnancy
- Decreased intake or malabsorption
- Vegetarians (insufficient red meat)
thalassemia type of anaemia
- Small - low MCV (microcytic)
- Pale - low MCH (hypochromic)
vitamin B12/folate deficiency type of anaemia
macrocytic megaloblastic anaemia
predisposing factors to b12 deficiency anaemia
Strict vegans, Inherited B12 receptor deficiency, Coeliac, Crohn’s disease
lymphoma clinical symptoms
- Enlarging masses at sites of lymphoid tissue
- Typically painless
- Interference with normal organ function
- Systemic symptoms
- Fever
- Night sweats
- Weight loss (>10% of body weight)
aggressive vs indolent lymphomas character and prognosis
- Aggressive
- Character
- High proliferation & high apoptosis rate, large
proliferation margin - More often localised at presentation than indolent
- High proliferation & high apoptosis rate, large
- Prognosis
- Shorter natural history, median survival ≤ 2 years
- Curable disease in some if aggressive therapy is
started - All childhood lymphomas are of this type
- Character
- Indolent
- Character
- Low proliferation & death rate, small proliferation
margin
- Low proliferation & death rate, small proliferation
- Often widespread at diagnosis
- Character
- Prognosis
- Prolonged natural history, median survivals > 5 years
- Currently incurable unless it is a localised disease or
through marrow ablation with some type of HSC
Transplant
diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) clinical features
- Aggressive Lymphoma
- Most common Lymphoma
- Disease of adults and children, but median age 64
- Presentation: rapidly enlarging masses
diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) morphology
- Diffuse infiltration of lymph node
- Large lymphoid cells
Burkitt Lymphoma type and morphology
- Aggressive lymphoma
- starry sky pattern at low power
Follicular lymphoma type and epiD
- indolent lymphoma
- most common type of indolent lymphoma, second most common type of lymphoma
follicular lymphoma morphology
Retains characteristic follicular structure
Hodgkin vs non-Hodgkin lymphoma characteristics, morphology and associations
Hodgkins:
Localized, single group of nodes with contiguous spread
Better prognosis
Characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells
More common in young adulthood and > 55 years
Associated with EBV
Non-Hodgkins:
Multiple lymph nodes involved, extranodal involvement common
Non-contiguous spread
Worse prognosis
Majority involve B cells; few of T cell lineage
Can occur in children and adults
leukemia epiD
Leading cause of cancer death in children under 15 years of age
acute leukemia clinical features
- Symptoms resulting from suppression of normal marrow function
- Few RBCs → Anaemia, with accompanying fatigue
- Neutropenia → Fever, usually reflecting an
infection
- Thrombocytopenia → Bleeding- Usually fatal within weeks if left untreated
- Characterised by presence of immature, blast cells
chronic leukemia clinical features
- Non-specific symptoms
- Fatigue, Weight loss, Anaemia
- Patients with untreated Chronic leukemia usually survive much longer
- Usually associated with more mature and well-differentiated cells
ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia) epiD
- Rare (1/100 000 per year)
- Mostly a childhood disease, with a peak incidence at age 3
AML (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia) epiD
- Rapidly fatal without treatment
- More common in adults than children
CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia) epiD
- Represents approximately 1/3 of all leukemias
- CLL is primarily a disease of the elderly, median age of onset being 65 years
CML (Chronic Myeloid Leukemia) epiD
- Usually a disease of middle age, although it may occur in children and young adults
- Usually presents in an indolent chronic phase, which may last several years
- Invariably progresses from the chronic phase to an accelerated and acute phase, lasting 0.5 to 2 years
