PANCE Prep- Hematology Flashcards
___ presents in adults with a cell lineage of the immature granulocytic cells seen in the peripheral blood e.g. myeloblasts, promyelocytes.
-Auer rods also are commonly seen in this condition
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
When a patient receives more than one total blood volume (10 units) without replacement of ___, the patient will continue to bleed without administration of ___
clotting factors
fresh frozen plasma
A positive direct Coombs’ test may be seen in what condition
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
hereditary spherocytosis has negative coombs
Hereditary spherocytosis is detected utilizing ___
- the osmotic fragility test
2. negative Cooombs
___ is indicated in Coumadin overdosage
Fresh frozen plasma
___ is indicated in type 2 and 3 patients with von Willebrand disease bleeding
___ is indicated in type 1 von Willebrand disease bleeding
vWF concentrate
DDAVP** (vasopressin) used to bleeding
__ is indicated for patients with Hemophilia A.
Factor VIII or cryoprecipitate
Once the diagnosis of heparin induced thrombocytopenia is suspected treatment should include:
- immediate discontinuation of all forms of heparin
2. treatment with a direct thrombin inhibitor should begin
___ is used for heparin overdosage
Protamine sulfate
What condition is caused by a disorder in the red blood cell membrane?
Hereditary spherocytosis
What Rh genotype of the mother and fetus puts the baby at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Mother: Rh negative
Fetus: Rh positive
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) dosage is based on which of the following?
Weight
___ is the diagnostic study of choice for G6PD deficiency.
G6PD assay
___ is indicated in the evaluation of hemolytic anemia
Hemoglobin electrophoresis
An African American male is placed on hydroxychlorquine (Plaquenil) for travel to Africa. Within six weeks he presents complaining of fatigue. CBC shows anemia. Which of the following is the diagnostic study of choice in this patient?
G6PD assay
CML (chronic myeloid leukemia) patients typically present with what physical exam finding
splenomegaly
Hereditary spherocytosis presents with what type of anemia
a normocytic, normochromic anemia and many spherocytes.
___ presents with a prolonged aPTT and normal platelet count and function.
Hemophilia A
An 18 year-old woman presents to the clinic complaining of fatigue. She reports a past history of lifelong frequent nosebleeds and bleeding gums. She also has menorrhagia. Her mother and maternal grandfather have a similar bleeding history. Initial lab results are as follows: WBC 9,500/mm3, Hgb 10.9 g/dL, HCT 33%, MCV 69 fL, MCHC 26 pg and platelets 284,000/mm3. Which of the following tests should be ordered to evaluate this patient’s diagnosis?
Bleeding time and platelet aggregometry
*presentation is consistent with a congential qualitative platelet disorder, most likely von Willebrand’s Disease, necessitating a bleeding time and evaluation of platelet function.
What therapies is recommended for a 13 month-old child with sickle cell disease?
Folic acid and penicillin V
*Ferrous sulfate is not globally recommended for patients with sickle cell disease.
What Leukemia is most closely associated with the Philadelphia chromosome?
chronic myelogenous leukemia
___ is used to treat immune-mediated hemolytic anemias
Prednisone
Splenectomy- long term definitive tx
immune-mediated hemolytic anemias presents with ___ red blood cells.
normocytic, normochromic
___ is characterized by bleeding from many sites as all coagulation factors are consumed and then broken down, leading to:
- decreased fibrinogen level and platelet count,
- prolonged PT and PTT
- presence of FIBRIN SPLIT products.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
____ transports Fe throughout the body. This carrier can be measured indirectly by ____
transferrin
TIBC
Describe transferrin, TIBC and ferritin levels in iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease
Fe deficiency- Increased transferrin, increased TIBC, decreased ferritin
anemia of chronic disease- Decreased transferrin, decreased TIBC, and increased ferritin
*both have decreased serum Fe
HgbS on hemoglobin electrophoresis
sickle cell anemia (hemolytic)
Microcytic anemia with normal/increased serum Fe or no response to Fe tx
Thalassemia
How to differentiate alpha and beta thalassemia
alpha: hemoglobin electrophoresis: normal Hgb ratios of HbgA, A2, and F
beta: hemoglobin electrophoresis: DECREASED HgbA, INCREASED HgbF, increased HgbA2,
G6PD is associated with what?
- sulfa drugs (plaqunil, UTI meds- Bactrim)
- fava beans
- infections
TTP Pentad
- thrombocytopenia
- hemolytic anemia
- kidney damage
- Neurologic sx*
- Fever*
HUS Triad
- thrombocytopenia
- hemolytic anemia
- kidney damage* (more so than TTP)
- Rouleaux Formation
- RBCs stick together like “stack of coins”
- Increased ESR
- high protein
- Multiple Myeloma
- Infections
Bite cells (degmacytes) are seen with:
thalassemia, G6PD
Schistocytes (fragmented RBCS) are seen w/
Hemolytic anemias (DIC, TTP, HUS)
Keratocytes (helmet shaped RBCs) are seen w/
TTP, HUS, DIC, prosthetic valves
Echinocytes “Burr cells” are seen w/
Uremia
Hypersegmented neutrophils are seen w/
B12** and folate deficiencies
Presentation:
- *neurological sx, paresthesias (stocking and glove-like paresthesia), gait abnormalities, memory loss, dementia (acute or permanent)
- diarrhea, glossitis, anorexia
- macrocytic anemia
B12 (cobalamin) deficiency
TX: IM B12- watch for signs of HYPOKALEMIA
How do you dx B12 and folate deficiency
- Peripheral smear: MCV >115, hypersegmented neutrophils
- increased homocysteine, increased methylmalonic acid*
- Schilling test
*normal methymalonic acid with folate def.
Causes of macrocytic anemia
- B12 (cobalamin) def.
- Folate def.
- ETOH abuse
- liver disease
- hypothyroidism
Causes of microcytic anemia
- iron def.
- alpha/beta thalassemia
- early anemia of chronic disease (ACD)
- lead poisoning
- sideroblastic anemia
Presentation:
- pagophagia, pica, angular cheilitis, koilonychia
- microcytic, hypochromic anemia
Iron def. anemia
TX: ferrous sulfate 325mg orally daily
- Vit. C increases Fe absorption
- see increase in reticulocyte count w/in 7 days
dysphagia + esophageal webs + atrophic glossitiis + Fe def.
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
How do you dx Fe def. anemia
Decreased ferritin, increased TIBC, decreased serum FE
- Increased RDW*,
- decreased transferrin saturation <15%