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A. Question Bank > (PALM 306) Exam 4 objectives > Flashcards

(PALM 306) Exam 4 objectives Flashcards

1
Q

Bouin
(Components)

A

Picric Acid
Formaldehyde
Acetic Acid

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2
Q

Hollande
(Components)

A

Copper Acetate
Picric Acid
Formaldehyde
Acetic Acid

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3
Q

Zamboni
(Components)

A

Paraformaldehyde
Picric Acid

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4
Q

Gendre
(Components)

A

Alcoholic
Picric Acid
Acetic Acid

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5
Q

B5
(Components)

A

Mercuric Chloride
Formaldehyde

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6
Q

Zenker and Helly Stock Solution
(Components)

A

Mercuric Chloride

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7
Q

Zenker Working Solution
(Components)

A

Stock Solution + Acetic Acid

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8
Q

Helly working solution
(Components)

A

stock solution + Formaldehyde

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9
Q

Ortho
(Components)

A

Potassium Dichromate
Formaldehyde

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10
Q

Alcoholic Formalin
(Components)

A

Formaldehyde
Ethanol

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11
Q

Aqueous Zinc Formalin
(Components)

A

Zinc Salts
Formaldehyde
Distilled Water

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12
Q

Alcoholic Zinc Formalin
(Components)

A

Zinc Salts
ethanol or isopropanol
formaldehyde
distilled water

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13
Q

Formaldehdye-Gluteraldehyde
(Components)

A

formaldehyde
Glutaraldehyde

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14
Q

Davidson
(Components)

A

Formaldehyde
Alcohol
Acetic Acid

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15
Q

Carnoy
(Components)

A

Absolute Ethanol
Chloroform
Acetic Acid

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16
Q

Methacarn
(Components)

A

Absolute Methanol
Chloroform
Acetic Acid

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17
Q

Clarke
(Components)

A

Ethanol
Acetic Acid

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18
Q

PTAH stain for muscle cross-striation

A

Zenker

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19
Q

Trichrome Staining

A

Bouins

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20
Q

Immunohistochemical methods

A

10% NBF or Zinc Formalin (aqueous or alcoholic)

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21
Q

Enzyme staining + Immunofluorescence

A

Glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, milloming formalin, osmium tetroxide, paraformaldehyde, zamboni

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22
Q

Molecular testing

A

Fresh unfixed tissue preferred, 10% NBF acceptable

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23
Q

Phospholipids

A

Calcium containing fixatives:

calcium formalin, calcium acetate formalin

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24
Q

Soluble simple lipids

A

Chromic Acid fixatives

Osmium tetroxide

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25
Glycogen
picric acid containing fixatives ex- bouin, grende
26
Nucleic Acids
Alcohol containing fixatives: Carny, MEthacarn, alcoholic formalin, alcoholic zinc
27
Eye specimens
Davidsons
28
GI biopsies
Bouin, Hollande
29
Chromaffin granules/pheochromocytoma
Ortho
30
Gout specimens
Non Aqueous fixatives, absolute alcohols
31
Hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues specimens
B5
32
CNS specimens
formalin ammonium bromide
33
Bouin (Uses)
Fixative for GI biopsies -preservation of soft and delicate tissues (testes and endocrine tissues.) -Trichrome staining -Cannot be used for EM or demonstration of nucleic acids -Maximum fixation is 24 hours - Remove yellow staining of picric acid by washing with 50-70% alcohol - Picric acid remaining in tissue will deteriorate tissue over time
34
Hollande (Uses)
-Fixative for Gi biopsies -Must be thoroughly rinsed if placed in phosphate- buffered formalin or precipitate will result
35
Zamboni (Uses)
-Good general-purpose fixative -Fixation time not as critical as with Bouin -Preserves morphological characteristics -May be used for electron microscopy
36
Gendre (Uses)
-Excellent fixative for glycogen
37
B5 (Uses)
-Fixative for hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, due to exceptional nuclear detail
38
Zenker (Stock Solution (Uses)
-Increased affinity for acid dyes -Not compatible with carbohydrates or silver based special stains
39
zenker working solution (Uses)
-better nuclear fixative -lyses RBCs -dissolves small calcifications and leaches iron -Recommended for PTAH special stain
40
Helly working solution (Uses)
-Increased affinity for acid dyes -Not compatible with carbohydrates or silver based special stains
41
ortho (Uses)
-Preferred for the demonstration of chromaffin granules in the adrenal medulla which will stain orange to brown due to reaction with potassium dichromate, helpful in diagnosing pheochromocytoma.
42
Alcoholic formalin (Uses)
-Can be used for fixation or post fixation or large fatty specimen (breast) -Allows lymph nodes to be easily detected -Preserves glycogen well
43
Zinc formalin (Uses)
-Yields higher immunoreactivity than neutral buffered formalin -Replacement for mercury fixatives (B5, Zenker, Helly)
44
formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde (Uses)
-Dual-Purpose fixative for light and EM
45
Davidson (Uses)
-Excellent fixative for eye specimens -Turns tissue opaque enhancing visibility of lymph nodes at dissection -Alternative to Bouin since it produces less shrinkage and better morphological detail -dual purpose for light and EM
46
Carnoy (Uses)
-Fixation of cytology specimen -preserves glycogen well and exhibits good nuclear detail -can cause excessive shrinkage and hardening due to alcohol content
47
Methacarn (Uses)
-Fixation of cytology specimens -Preserves glycogen specimen and exhibits goof nuclear detail -Causes less shrinkage and hardening than Carnoy
48
Clarke (Uses)
-Frozen sections and smears *fixation time should be kept at 3-4 hours
49
Michel’s Solution (Components and Uses)
Components - Citric acid - Ammonium sulfate (fixes tissue bound immunoglobulins) - N-ethylmaleimide (minimizes proteolytic activity) - Magnesium sulfate - Distilled water Uses - Important to maintain pH of 7.0-7.2 - Short and long-distance mailing - Tissue can be held in Michel’s for up to 5 days - Before freezing, rinse specimen in PBS-sucrose solution
50
PBS Buffer
Potassium phosphate, monobasic and dibasic Sodium chloride Distilled water
51
PBS-Sucrose Solution
PBS buffer Sucrose Distilled water
52
RPMI and Hank’s solution
RPMI Sodium bicarbonate buffer solution Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution - Inorganic salts and glucose Both used as holding solutions for specimens for Flow cytometry, cytogenetics or culture
53
Decal Methods
Simple Acids Chelating Agents Ion Exchange Electrolytic
54
Simple Acids for Decal
Hydrochloric Nitric Acid Formic Acid
55
Hydrochloric Acid (Advantages and Disadvantages)
Advantages - Rapid acting and decalcify quickly Disadvantage - Can cause swelling and destruction of nuclear detail - Reacts with formaldehyde to form a carcinogen - Must completely rinse (With water) formalin-fixed tissue before placing in HCl and vice versa
56
Nitric Acid (Advantages and Disadvantages)
Advantages - Rapid-acting and decalcify quickly Disadvantages - Deterioration of staining results occurs in tissue left in solution > 48 hours - Some tissue proteins and enzymes may be lost - Increased chance of tissue damage and negative staining
57
Formic Acid (Advantages and Disadvantages)
Advantages - More gentle than inorganic acids - Recommended for advanced staining - Will not destroy morphology if tissue is left in solution up to 2 weeks - Can be used in combination with formalin to provide simultaneous fixation and decalcification Disadvantages - Works more slowly than hydrochloric and nitric acid
58
EDTA (Chelating agent)
EDTA binds calcium ions removing them from tissue
59
EDTA (Advantages and Disadvantages)
Advantages - Safest method, gentler than weak acids - Preserves tissue morphology with minimum artifact Disadvantages - Slow acting, much slower than weak acids - Cartilage is damaged if overexposed to chelating agents - Staining is affected
60
Ion Exchange
Formic acid is placed over a layer of ammoniated polystyrene resin in a container Ammonium ions are exchanged for calcium ions in tissue
61
Ion Exchange (Advantages and Disadvantages)
Advantages - Faster - Exposure time is not critical - Does not need to be changed daily Disadvantage - Degree of decalcification can not be measured
62
Electrolytic (Advantages and Disadvantages)
Advantage - Fast Method Disadvantage - Strong potential for tissue due to generated heat - Causes loss of cellular detail and stainability
63
Electrolytic
An anode and cathode in formic or hydrochloric acid Bone is attached to the anode (+) An electrical current is passed through the solution Positively charged calcium ions are drawn to the cathode (-)
64
Determining End Point of Decal
- Physical/Mechanical - Chemical - Radiographic
65
Physical/ Mechanical Method
Flexibility of specimen is tested by manually bending the tissue without damaging it
66
Chemical Method
Calcium oxalate test: detecting the presence of calcium in the decalcifying solution
67
Acetone
Demonstration of enzymes, fixative for brain tissue for diagnosis of rabies, immunofluorescence

A. Question Bank (6 decks)

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