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A. Question Bank > (PALM 305) Exam 4 objectives > Flashcards

(PALM 305) Exam 4 objectives Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria (gram +) with filamentous growth patterns

A

Nocardia (weakly acid fast) and Actinomyces

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2
Q

spirochetes

A

Borrelia Burgdorferi, Treponema pallidum, leptospira

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3
Q

Mycobacteria

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, leprae, and avium-intracellulare

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4
Q

obligate intracellular parasites

A

Rickettsiae, typhi, Chlamydiae

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5
Q

Fungi

A

Aspergillus fumigatus, stachybotrys

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6
Q

Viruses

A

Negri bodies of rabies, Hepatitis, Herpes (HSV), cytomegalovirus

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7
Q

Protozoans/Parasites

A

Entamoeba histolytica, malarial plasmodia, Giardia duodenalis

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8
Q

Kinyoun (AFB)

A

Demonstrates acid fast mycobacteria and Nocardia

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9
Q

Referred to as the “cold staining method” Why?

A

Kinyoun and because it has a high concentration of dye and doesn’t need to be heated

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10
Q

Kinyoun results

A

Mycobacteria and Nocardia: Dark pink

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11
Q

Ziehl-Neelsen (AFB)

A

Demonstrates acid fast mycobacteria and Nocardia

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12
Q

Referred to as “hot staining method” why?

A

Ziehl-Nelsen and because it has a lower concentration of basic Fuchsin dye

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13
Q

Fite Acid fast stain
demonstrates

A

mycobacterium, nocardia, and leprae

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14
Q

Why do you not deparaffinize the fite stain and have to avoid alcohols?

A

The waxy capsules of the leprae are not alcohol fast and will dissolve, you deparaffinize them in xylene-peanut oil to help protect the waxy capsule.

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15
Q

Fite stain results

A

M.Leprae, mycobacteria, and Nocardia: Dark Pink

Background: Blue

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16
Q

Auramine-Rhodamine

A

Demonstrates acid fast mycobacteria (including dying/dead, making it the most specific)

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17
Q

Auramine-Rhodamine Results

A

Mycobacteria: Fluorescent yellow

Background: Black

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18
Q

Gram Stain

A

Gram + and Gram - bacteria

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19
Q

Gram Stain Reagents: Crystal Violet

A

Stains everything

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20
Q

Gram Stain Reagents: Gram’s/Lugol’s iodine

A

trapping agent, Mordant, adheres crystal violet to the gram + bacteria

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21
Q

Gram Stain Reagents: Organic solvent (acetone or alcohols)

A

Removes crystal violet from everything except gram + structures

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22
Q

Gram Stain Reagents:
Red Dye

A

Gram negative and fibrin

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23
Q

Gram Stain Reagents: Yellow dye

A

Counterstain

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24
Q

Gram Stain results

A

Gram +: blue/purple

Gram - and fibrin: red

Background: yellow

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25
Giemsa- Modified Diff- quik Stain
H. Pylori and other bacteria
26
Giemsa Diff-Quik results
H.Pylori and nuclei: Dark Blue Background: light blue
27
Alcian Yellow- Toluidine Blue
H. pylori and other bacteria
28
Alcian Yellow- Toluidine Blue Results
H.Pylori: dark blue Mucin: yellow Background: Pale blue
29
Hotchkiss-McManus PAS
Fungus, Glycogen, GAgs, acidic glycoproteins
30
Hotchkiss results
Fungi: magenta/pink, internal structures should be paler Background: light green
31
Grocott Methenamine silver nitrate method (GMS)
Fungus (dead and dying) and carbohydrates
32
Grocott Methenamine silver nitrate method Results
Fungi: Black Background: light green
33
Warthin-Starry, Steiner, Dieterle Technique
Spirochetes and other bacteria as well
34
Warthin-Starry, Steiner, Dieterle Technique Results
Spirochetes/bacteria: Black Background: yellow/brown (no toner)
35
Genta Triple Stain
Steiner + Alcian Blue + H&E creates contrast, demonstrates bacteria, mucins, and morphological detail
36
Phloxine-Tartrazine
Viral inclusion bodies (viruses)
37
Phloxine-Tartrazine results
Inclusion bodies: Red/pink Nuclei: grey/black (weigert hematoxylin) Background: Yellow
38
Mercury Pigment
Black, can't be prevented but can be removed, tiny dark crystals removal: iodine/hype
39
Chrome Pigments
can prevent but cannot completely remove Reduction: Acid alcohol
40
Formalin Pigment
located in/near blood, black/brown, birefringent and argentaffin Removal: Alcoholic picric acid and alkaline alcohol
41
Malarial Pigment
In RBCS, Dark brown, composed of excess protein and hematin which is a byproduct of the metabolism of hemoglobin by the malarial parasite Removal: Alcoholic picric acid or alkaline alcohol
42
Where is hemosiderin stored?
BM and Liver Disorder of Uric Acid metabolism Gout
43
Prussian Blue
Ferric Ions and Asbestos bodies Prussian Blue results Ferric ions: Blue Nuclei and hemo fuchsin: blue Background: red
44
Prussian blue principle
HCL unmasks ferric ions from tissue and they react with potassium ferrocyanide forming prussian blue pigment which is aka ferric ferrocyanide
45
Turnbull blue
Ferrous Ions
46
Turnbull blue results
Ferrous ions: blue Background: Pink/red
47
Turnbull blue principle
Ferrous ions react with potassium ferricyanide and form the precipitate turnbull blue which is aka ferrous ferricyanide
48
Schmorl technique
Argentaffin compound/components
49
Schmorl results
Argentaffin substances (bile, melanin, chromatin) and lipofuscin: Blue Mucin: Red-pink Background: yellow
50
Schmorl principle
Argentaffin components react with ferric ions in the ferric chloride which forms ferrous ions, then potassium ferricyanide reacts with ferrous ions giving off the turnbull blue pigment
51
Fontana-Masson
Argentaffin Compounds/components
52
Fontana-Masson Results
Argentaffin Substances- Black Background- Red
53
Fontana-Masson principle
You use Ammoniacal silver, then gold chloride, then NFR. You don't need a reducer because it is demonstrating Argentaffin components.
54
Grimelius and Churukian-Schenk
Argyrophilic compounds/components, carcinoid tumor and neuroendocrine cells
55
Grimelius and Churukian-Schenk Results
Argentaffin and argyrophil substances: Black Nuclei: Red Background: yellow/brown/tan
56
Silver method with a chemical reducer required?
Grimelius and Churukian-Schenk Silver nitrate impregnation Hydroquinone reducer NFR counterstain
57
Gormori Methenamine Silver Method
Urate crystals and uric acid
58
Gormori Methenamine Silver Method Results
Urate crystals- black Background- light green
59
Gormori Methenamine Silver Method principle
No oxidizer required
60
Methenamine silver
Sodium thiosulfate (hypo) Light green
61
Halls Bile stain (fouchets stain)
Bile
62
Halls Bile stain (fouchets stain) results
Bile/hematoidin- Green Muscle- Yellow Collagen- Red
63
Halls Bile stain (fouchets stain) principle
Fouchet's reagent (ferric chloride and trichloroacetic acid) oxidizes bilirubin (yellow/brown) to biliverdin (green) Van gieson is the counterstain
64
Von Kossa stain
Calcium
65
Von Kossa stain results
calcium/argentaffin substances: brown-black Background: pink
66
Von Kossa principle
Calcium phosphate in tissue reacts with silver ions in silver nitrate forming silver phosphate, which is reduced to metallic silver by natural or artificial light, forming a precipitate. SInce light is used as a reducer this is technically Argyrophilic
67
Rhodanine
Copper
68
Rhodanine results
copper: reddish-brown Background: purple blue
69
Rhodanine principle
Rhodanine reacts with the protein attracted to the copper forming a color complex, then you apply mayer hematoxylin, then bluing solution

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