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Pak Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Q: Who moved the Objectives Resolution in 1949?

A

A: Liaquat Ali Khan.

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2
Q

Q: What key principle did the Objectives Resolution emphasize regarding sovereignty?

A

A: Sovereignty belongs to Allah alone.

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3
Q

Q: Why did non-Muslims object to the Objectives Resolution?

A

A: They feared it would promote inequality and a theocratic state.

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3
Q

Q: Name two rights guaranteed to minorities in the Objectives Resolution.

A

A: Freedom to practice religion and develop their cultures.

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4
Q

Q: What were the six major issues faced by Pakistan’s first Constituent Assembly?

A

A: Federalism, representation, electorate system, national language, governance system, Islamic/secular state.

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5
Q

Q: What was the primary task of the Basic Principles Committee (BPC)?

A

A: To frame basic principles for Pakistan’s future constitution.

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6
Q

Q: What was the Muhammad Ali Bogra Formula (1953)?

A

A: A bicameral legislature with equal representation in joint sessions and parity between East and West Pakistan.

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7
Q

Q: Why was the first BPC Report (1950) criticized?

A

A: It denied East Pakistan’s population majority and favored West Pakistan.

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8
Q

Q: What was the One Unit Scheme (1955)?

A

A: Merging West Pakistan’s provinces into one unit to establish parity with East Pakistan.

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9
Q

Q: When was Pakistan’s first constitution enforced?

A

A: March 23, 1956.

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10
Q

Q: What system of government did the 1956 Constitution establish?

A

A: Parliamentary system.

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11
Q

Q: Name three Islamic provisions in the 1956 Constitution.

A

A: Preamble based on Objectives Resolution, no law violating Islamic principles, Islamic advisory board.

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12
Q

Q: Why was the 1956 Constitution short-lived?

A

A: No elections were held, and it was abrogated in 1958 by martial law.

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13
Q

Q: What electoral system did Ayub Khan introduce under the 1962 Constitution?

A

A: Indirect elections via Basic Democracies.

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14
Q

Q: How did the 1962 Constitution limit the National Assembly’s financial powers?

A

A: It could not vote on the Consolidated Fund List or recurring expenditures.

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15
Q

Q: What role did the Advisory Council for Islamic Ideology play?

A

A: Recommend Islamic principles but lacked binding authority.

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16
Q

Q: What makes the 1973 Constitution bicameral?

A

A: It has two houses: the Senate (Upper) and National Assembly (Lower).

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17
Q

Q: Which amendment introduced the 8th Constitutional changes in 1985?

A

A: Increased presidential powers, including dissolving the National Assembly.

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18
Q

Q: What Islamic clause was added to the 1973 Constitution?

A

A: Islam declared the state religion (added later).

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19
Q

Q: What caused the collapse of civilian rule in 1958?

A

A: Political instability, short-lived governments, and economic challenges.

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20
Q

Q: What was the outcome of the 1970 general elections?

A

A: Awami League won 160 seats (East), PPP won 81 (West), leading to East Pakistan’s secession.

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21
Q

Q: What was the Legal Framework Order (LFO) of 1970?

A

A: Yahya Khan’s interim law for elections and constitutional principles.

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22
Q

Q: What policy did Zulfikar Ali Bhutto implement in the 1970s?

A

A: Nationalization of industries, banks, and educational institutions.

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23
Q

Q: What were Zia-ul-Haq’s three main agendas after 1977?

A

A: Effective administration, Islamization, and return to democracy.

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24
Q: What triggered Nawaz Sharif’s ouster in 1999?
A: His attempt to remove Army Chief Pervez Musharraf, leading to a military coup.
25
Q: What percentage of Pakistan’s area does Balochistan cover?
A: 43.61% (347,190 sq km).
26
Q: Name Pakistan’s four neighboring countries.
A: China, Afghanistan, Iran, India.
27
Q: What is the Durand Line?
A: The 1,200-mile border between Pakistan and Afghanistan established in 1893.
28
Q: Which mineral is critical for nuclear power in Pakistan?
A: Uranium (found in DG Khan, Kohat).
29
Q: What are Pakistan’s two main cropping seasons?
A: Rabi (winter: wheat, gram) and Kharif (summer: rice, cotton).
30
Q: What causes waterlogging and salinity in agriculture?
A: Poor drainage and excessive irrigation.
31
Q: What institution was created in 1950 to boost industrialization?
A: Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC).
32
Q: Which industry is Pakistan’s largest export earner?
A: Textiles (centered in Faisalabad, Karachi).
33
Q: What was the impact of 1970s nationalization?
A: Industrial output declined, leading to capital flight.
34
Q: What is Pakistan’s literacy rate (approx.)?
A: ~46% (functional literacy lower).
35
Q: Name two challenges in Pakistan’s education system.
A: Low funding, outdated curriculum, political interference.
36
Q: What is the purpose of Allama Iqbal Open University?
A: Provide distance education to remote areas and working professionals.
37
Q: What is Pakistan’s stance on Kashmir?
A: Supports self-determination under UN resolutions. ## Footnote Pakistan's stance on Kashmir is that the region should have the right to self-determination in accordance with UN resolutions.
38
Q: Which country is Pakistan’s closest ally in the Muslim world?
A: Saudi Arabia.
39
Q: What role did Pakistan play in the Afghan-Soviet War (1979-89)?
A: Supported Mujahideen with US backing.
40
Q: What is ECO?
A: Economic Cooperation Organization (Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Central Asian states).
41
Q: When did Pakistan recognize Bangladesh?
A: 1974.
42
Q: Which Muslim country opposed Pakistan on the Kashmir issue?
A: Afghanistan (historically over Pakhtunistan).
43
Q: Define the Two-Nation Theory.
A: Muslims of India are a distinct nation deserving a separate state.
44
Q: What was the Nehru Report (1928)?
A: Proposed a unitary India, rejected by Muslims for ignoring safeguards.
45
Q: Name Pakistan’s four provinces post-1971.
A: Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (NWFP), Balochistan.
46
Q: When was the Simla Agreement signed?
A: 1972 (after the 1971 war).
47
Q: Who dissolved the first Constituent Assembly in 1954?
A: Governor General Ghulam Muhammad.
48
Q: What triggered the 1965 India-Pakistan war?
A: Dispute over Kashmir’s Rann of Kutch and Operation Gibraltar.
49
Q: Which constitution introduced a presidential system?
A: 1962 Constitution (Ayub Khan).
50
Q: What distinguishes the 1973 Constitution’s federal structure?
A: Residuary powers granted to provinces.
51
Q: Which body interprets Islamic laws under the 1973 Constitution?
A: Council of Islamic Ideology.
52
Q: Who was Pakistan’s first Prime Minister?
A: Liaquat Ali Khan (1947-1951).
53
Q: Which leader introduced the “Green Revolution”?
A: Ayub Khan (1960s).
54
Q: Who authored the 22 Points of Islamic provisions?
A: Ulema (religious scholars) in 1951.
55
Q: What is Pakistan’s approximate population (2023 estimate)?
A: ~240 million.
56
Q: Which province has the highest population density?
A: Punjab (~56-57% of population).
57
Q: What is the climate of Balochistan Plateau?
A: Arid with minimal rainfall.
58
Q: What is Zakat under Zia’s Islamization?
A: Mandatory 2.5% wealth tax for Muslims.
59
Q: What was the main goal of the 1950s Five-Year Plans?
A: Industrialization and agricultural modernization.
60
Q: Which industry is linked to Pakistan’s “Steel Mills”?
A: Iron and steel (Karachi).
61
Q: What is Pakistan’s role in SAARC?
A: Founding member (1985) promoting regional cooperation.
62
Q: Which country helped build Pakistan’s nuclear program?
A: China.
63
Q: What is the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)?
A: Infrastructure project linking Gwadar to Xinjiang (part of BRI).
64
Q: What is the significance of March 23 in Pakistan?
A: Pakistan Day (1956 Constitution adopted; Lahore Resolution 1940).
65
Q: Name Pakistan’s national language.
A: Urdu.
66
Q: Which mountain peak is in Pakistan?
A: K2 (second-highest in the world).
67
Q: What caused East Pakistan’s secession in 1971?
A: Political marginalization, economic disparity, and Indian intervention.
68
Q: What is the role of the Federal Shariat Court?
A: Reviews laws for compliance with Islamic principles (established 1981).
69
Q: Which treaty ended the 1965 war?
A: Tashkent Declaration (1966).
70
Q: What is the National Security Council?
A: Advisory body on security issues (added to Constitution in 2002).
71
Q: Which province opposed Urdu as the national language?
A: East Pakistan (Bengali language movement, 1952).
72
Q: What is the significance of the 1946 elections?
A: Validated Muslim League’s demand for Pakistan.
72
Q: Which river system supports Pakistan’s agriculture?
A: Indus River and its tributaries (Jhelum, Chenab, etc.).
73
Q: Which Pakistani leader signed the Simla Agreement?
A: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1972).
73
Q: What is the purpose of Local Bodies elections?
A: Decentralize governance (introduced by Ayub Khan and Musharraf).
74
Q: Which Pakistani city hosts the largest textile industry?
A: Faisalabad.
74
Q: What is the importance of Gwadar Port?
A: Strategic deep-sea port enhancing trade with China and the Gulf.
75
Q: What triggered the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War?
A: Pakistan’s military action in East Pakistan and refugee crisis.
75
Q: Which Pakistani leader initiated the Kashmir Solidarity Day?
A: Benazir Bhutto (1990).
75
Q: What is the role of the Election Commission of Pakistan?
A: Conduct free and fair elections (established 1956).
76
Q: What is the significance of the 1998 nuclear tests?
A: Pakistan became a nuclear power in response to India’s tests.
77
Q: What is the purpose of the National Accountability Bureau (NAB)?
A: Combat corruption (established 1999).
78
Q: Which Pakistani province has the largest coal reserves?
A: Sindh (Thar Desert).
79
Q: What is the main export crop of Pakistan?
A: Cotton.
80
Q: Which international organization did Pakistan join in 1947?
A: United Nations (September 30, 1947).
81
Q: What is the main objective of the Objectives Resolution?
A: Provide Islamic and democratic principles for future constitutions.
82
Q: Which Pakistani leader introduced the “Basic Democracies” system?
A: Ayub Khan (1959).
83
Q: Which Pakistani city is known as the “City of Gardens”?
A: Lahore.
83
Q: What is the significance of the 1973 Constitution’s Article 2-A?
A: Incorporated Objectives Resolution into the Constitution.

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