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Eth Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What are the three tenets of Classical Utilitarianism?

A

A: (1) Actions judged by consequences, (2) Only happiness matters, (3) Equal weight to all individuals’ happiness.

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2
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Q: What is Hedonism?

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A: The belief that pleasure/happiness is the sole intrinsic good.

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3
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Q: Why does Hedonism fail, according to the pianist example?

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A: Unhappiness is a rational response to objective loss (e.g., losing a hand), not the cause of badness.

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4
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Q: What is Rule-Utilitarianism?

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A: Follow rules that generally maximize happiness (e.g., “Don’t lie”), even if exceptions might have better outcomes.

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5
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Q: J.J. Smart’s defense of Utilitarianism:

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A: Rejects moral common sense (e.g., past racial biases) as unreliable.

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6
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Q: Kant’s Categorical Imperative (Formula 1):

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A: “Act only on maxims you can universalize.”

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7
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Q: Categorical Imperative (Formula 2):

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A: “Treat humanity as an end, never merely as a means.”

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8
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Q: Kant’s stance on lying to the Inquiring Murderer:

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A: Lying is always wrong, even to save a life.

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9
Q

Q: Objection to Kant’s absolute rules:

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A: Conflicts between rules (e.g., lying vs. allowing murder).

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10
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Q: Kant’s view on animal rights:

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A: Animals lack intrinsic value; cruelty wrong only if it harms human character.

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11
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Q: Kant’s Retributivism:

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A: Punish criminals because they deserve it, not for social utility.

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12
Q

Q: Aristotle’s definition of virtue:

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A: A mean between extremes (e.g., courage between cowardice and recklessness).

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13
Q

Q: Key difference: Virtue Ethics vs. Utilitarianism/Kantianism?

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A: Focuses on character (being) vs. rules/actions (doing).

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14
Q

Q: Stocker’s criticism of rule-based ethics:

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A: Neglects motives (e.g., visiting a hospital out of duty vs. care).

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15
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Q: Virtue Ethics’ problem with moral dilemmas:

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A: No clear guidance when virtues conflict (e.g., honesty vs. kindness).

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16
Q

Q: Five Views of Business Ethics:

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A: (1) Business is amoral, (2) Follow law, (3) Ethics = Good Business, (4) Conventional morality, (5) Universal morality.

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17
Q

Q: Manipulative Advertising (Packard):

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A: Exploits subconscious desires, undermines rational choice.

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18
Q

Q: Greenwashing:

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A: Companies falsely portraying eco-friendliness for profit.

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19
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Q: Stakeholder Theory:

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A: Businesses should balance interests of employees, customers, environment, and shareholders.

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20
Q

Q: Bribery from a Kantian perspective:

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A: Violates respect for persons (treating officials as means).

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21
Q

Q: Anthropocentrism vs. Ecocentrism:

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A: Humans vs. ecosystems have intrinsic value.

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22
Q

Q: Instrumental Value in nature:

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A: Value derived from human use (e.g., forests for lumber).

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23
Q

Q: Deep Ecology:

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A: All life has equal intrinsic value; humans part of nature.

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24
Q

Q: Tragedy of the Commons:

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A: Shared resources overexploited due to self-interest (e.g., overfishing).

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25
Q: Sustainable Development:
A: Meet present needs without compromising future generations.
26
Q: Paternalism in medicine:
A: Doctors decide for patients, assuming they know best.
27
Q: Informed Consent:
A: Patients must understand risks/benefits before treatment.
28
Q: Active vs. Passive Euthanasia:
A: Killing (active) vs. allowing to die (passive).
29
Q: Mercy Killing objection (Domino Argument):
A: Legalizing euthanasia could lead to non-voluntary killings.
30
Q: Genetic Engineering ethical issue:
A: Risks of “designer babies” and loss of genetic diversity.
31
Q: Hypothetical Imperative (Kant):
A: Conditional commands (e.g., “Study to pass”).
32
Q: Speciesism:
A: Prejudice favoring humans over other species.
33
Q: Retributive Justice:
A: Punishment proportional to crime (“eye for an eye”).
34
Q: Moral Dilemma example:
A: Dutch fishermen lying to Nazis vs. allowing deaths.
35
Q: Cultural Relativism in business:
A: Ethics vary by culture (e.g., bribery norms).
35
Q: Example challenging Hedonism:
A: Friend secretly mocking you (bad even if you’re unaware).
36
Q: Utilitarian response to racial strife example:
A: Punishing innocents might reduce violence but violates justice.
37
Q: Kantian view on false promises:
A: Wrong because universalizing lying destroys trust.
38
Q: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR):
A: Companies should address social/environmental issues beyond profit.
39
Q: Whistleblowing ethical justification:
A: Utilitarian (expose harm) vs. Kantian (duty to truth).
40
Q: Jeremy Bentham:
A: Founder of Classical Utilitarianism; “Greatest happiness principle.”
41
Q: John Stuart Mill:
A: Refined Utilitarianism; emphasized higher/lower pleasures.
42
Q: Immanuel Kant:
A: Deontological ethics; Categorical Imperative.
43
Q: Aristotle:
A: Virtue Ethics; virtues as habits for eudaimonia (flourishing).
44
Q: Elizabeth Anscombe:
A: Revived Virtue Ethics; criticized rule-based morality.
45
Q: Justice objection to Utilitarianism:
A: Could justify harming minorities for majority happiness.
46
Q: Demandingness objection to Utilitarianism:
A: Requires extreme self-sacrifice (e.g., donating all wealth).
47
Q: Kant’s neglect of animal rights:
A: Animals lack rationality, so no direct duties owed.
48
Q: Virtue Ethics’ cultural bias:
A: Virtues differ across societies (e.g., honor vs. humility).
49
Q: Utilitarian punishment critique:
A: Punishing innocents if it maximizes happiness.
50
Q: Kantian approach to truth-telling:
A: Never lie, even to protect others.
50
Q: Negative vs. Positive Rights:
A: Freedom from interference vs. entitlement to resources.
50
Q: Utilitarian approach to environmental issues:
A: Maximize long-term well-being (e.g., reduce pollution).
50
Q: Virtue Ethics in business:
A: Cultivate honesty, fairness, and loyalty in corporate culture.
50
Q: Prima Facie Duties (Ross):
A: Conditional obligations (e.g., honesty unless harming others).
51
Q: Rights-based approach to euthanasia:
A: Patients have a right to autonomy over their bodies.
51
Q: Consequentialist view on animal testing:
A: Justified if benefits (e.g., medical advances) outweigh harm.
52
Q: Ethical Egoism:
A: Act in self-interest; criticized for ignoring others’ welfare.
53
Q: Social Contract Theory:
A: Morality stems from mutual agreements for societal benefit.
54
Q: Moral Relativism:
A: No universal moral truths; ethics depend on culture.
55
Q: Define Hedonic Calculus.
A: Bentham’s method to quantify pleasure/pain for decision-making.
56
Q: What is Universalizability?
A: A maxim is ethical only if it can apply to everyone without contradiction.
57
Q: Act vs. Rule Utilitarianism:
A: Act: Judge individual actions. Rule: Follow general rules.
58
Q: Deontological Ethics:
A: Focus on duties/rules, not consequences (e.g., Kant).
59
Q: Teleological Ethics:
A: Focus on ends/consequences (e.g., Utilitarianism).
60
Q: Kant: “So act as to treat humanity... never as a means only.”
A: Reject using people (e.g., sweatshop labor for profit).
61
Q: Bentham: “All punishment is mischief.”
A: Punishment justified only if it prevents greater harm.
62
Q: Mill: “Better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.”
A: Higher pleasures (intellect) > lower pleasures (base desires).
63
Q: Aristotle: “Virtue is a mean between two vices.”
A: Courage = midpoint between cowardice and recklessness.
64
Q: Anscombe: “Modern moral philosophy is misguided.”
A: Rejects rule-based ethics without religious foundation.
64
Q: Should a business prioritize profit over environment?
A: Utilitarian: Weigh long-term ecological harm. Kantian: Duty to future generations.
64
Q: Is animal testing ethical?
A: Kant: No (animals as means). Utilitarian: Yes, if benefits > suffering.
64
Q: Whistleblowing in unsafe workplaces:
A: Virtue Ethics: Courage and honesty. Utilitarian: Expose harm to many.
64
Q: Capital Punishment:
A: Kant: Just retribution. Utilitarian: Deterrent? Risk of wrongful execution.
64
Q: Cultural Relativism vs. Female Stereotyping:
A: Universalist: Wrong despite cultural norms. Relativist: Accept local practices.
64
Q: Self-Driving Car Ethics:
A: Programmed to minimize harm (Utilitarian) vs. protect passengers (Egoism).
64
Q: Trolley Problem:
A: Utilitarian: Sacrifice one to save five. Kantian: Don’t use people as means.
64
Q: Healthcare Rationing:
A: Utilitarian: Prioritize most lives saved. Kantian: Equal right to treatment.
64
Q: Plagiarism in Academia:
A: Kantian: Violates honesty. Virtue Ethics: Lack of integrity.
64
Q: Corporate Tax Avoidance:
A: Legal vs. ethical (Utilitarian: Harms public services).
64
Q: Moral Pluralism:
A: Multiple valid ethical principles (e.g., Ross’s prima facie duties).
65
Q: Moral Absolutism:
A: Certain actions always right/wrong (e.g., Kant’s no-exception rules).
65
Q: Natural Law Theory:
A: Morality derived from nature/human purpose (e.g., Aquinas).
65
Q: Ethical Subjectivism:
A: Morality depends on individual feelings.
65
Q: Ethical Consumerism:
A: Buying products aligned with ethical values (e.g., fair trade).
65
Q: Key weakness of Utilitarianism:
A: Ignores justice/rights; hard to predict consequences.
65
Q: Key weakness of Kantian Ethics:
A: Rigid rules; ignores context/consequences.
65
Q: Ethics of Care vs. Kantianism:
A: Care: Emphasizes relationships. Kant: Abstract rules.
65
Q: Key weakness of Virtue Ethics:
A: Vague guidance; culturally relative virtues.
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