PAIN PSYCHOLOGY + MANAGEMENT ACROSS LIFESPAN Flashcards
Which of the following is a key distinction between acute and chronic pain?
A) Acute pain is more prevalent than chronic pain
B) Chronic pain lasts longer than acute pain, often beyond the expected healing period
C) Acute pain is always associated with tissue damage
D) Chronic pain resolves within a few weeks
B) Chronic pain lasts longer than acute pain, often beyond the expected healing period
How long does acute pain last?
Hours to days
How long does chronic pain last?
Months to years
What percentage of the adult population in Canada is estimated to suffer from chronic pain?
A) 30%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 50%
C) 20%
What is the estimated annual cost of chronic pain care in Canada, including direct healthcare costs?
A) $600 billion
B) $37 billion
C) $17,544 per patient
D) $6 billion
B) $37 billion
According to the text, which of the following treatment approaches is most effective for managing chronic pain?
A) Single modality treatments like medication alone
B) Surgical interventions alone
C) Interdisciplinary approaches incorporating psychological modalities
D) Over-the-counter medications only
C) Interdisciplinary approaches incorporating psychological modalities
The prevalence of chronic pain in children and adolescents is estimated to be:
A) 5-10%
B) 10-15%
C) 15-30%
D) 40%
C) 15-30%
Which of the following is a major concern related to the treatment of chronic pain, as mentioned in the text?
A) Overuse of opioids and their potential for abuse
B) Lack of medical research on pain management
C) Too few psychological interventions being used
D) Over-reliance on physical therapy
A) Overuse of opioids and their potential for abuse
The text highlights that chronic pain treatment often provides:
A) Significant improvements in both pain and emotional functioning with medications
B) Only modest improvements in pain and minimal improvements in physical and emotional functioning with single modality treatments
C) Permanent relief from pain through surgery
D) Complete recovery in most patients
B) Only modest improvements in pain and minimal improvements in physical and emotional functioning with single modality treatments
What is the reported impact of chronic pain on the psychological well-being of individuals, as indicated in the case of George Clooney?
A) It only causes mild discomfort without significant emotional impact
B) It can lead to severe emotional distress, including suicidal thoughts
C) It has no impact on mental health if managed properly
D) It only affects physical health
B) It can lead to severe emotional distress, including suicidal thoughts
What type of approach does the text recommend for the management of chronic pain?
A) A pharmaceutical-only approach
B) A psychological-only approach
C) An interdisciplinary approach
D) An alternative therapy-only approach
C) An interdisciplinary approach
What are some associated problems with chronic pain?
A) Bipolar disorder and personality disorders
B) Depression only
C) Depression and anxiety
C) Depression and anxiety
T or F: The social effects are profound for acute pain, and temporary for chronic pain.
False
Social effects profound for chronic pain.
What is the treatment for acute pain?
Primarily Analgesics (painkillers)
How long must pain last or recur for it to be classified as CHRONIC pain?
A) At least 1 month
B) At least 6 months
C) At least 3 months
D) At least 1 year
C) At least 3 months
Which of the following is a reason chronic pain may persist?
A) Immediate and severe tissue injury
B) Secondary to complications from a chronic disease
C) Temporary muscle strain
D) Only due to psychological factors
B) Secondary to complications from a chronic disease
Chronic pain can occur in the absence of ongoing tissue injury. Which of the following statements is true about this type of pain?
A) The pain always correlates with visible damage or injury to tissue
B) It can persist even if no ongoing tissue injury is present
C) Chronic pain is only caused by tissue damage
D) The pain is temporary and resolves once the tissue injury heals
B) It can persist even if no ongoing tissue injury is present
The level of chronic pain is:
A) Always directly related to the severity of tissue injury
B) Only mild, regardless of injury severity
C) Not directly related to the severity of tissue injury
D) Consistent across all individuals with chronic pain
C) Not directly related to the severity of tissue injury
Chronic pain may persist despite:
A) Severe tissue injury visible on an MRI
B) No findings on an MRI
C) Pain relief from medications
D) Immediate surgery or medical intervention
B) No findings on an MRI
According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), pain is defined as:
A) A purely physical sensation that results from tissue damage
B) An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
C) A sensation that is always linked to psychological factors
D) A result of tissue injury that does not involve emotions
B) An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
Pain is primarily considered a psychological experience because it:
A) Is always caused by tissue damage
B) Involves only physical sensations without emotional components
C) Is a perceptual process that includes emotional and psychological factors
D) Only occurs when a person has had a recent injury
C) Is a perceptual process that includes emotional and psychological factors
Which of the following best distinguishes nociception from pain?
A) Nociception always leads to pain
B) Nociception refers to the potential for pain but does not always result in the experience of pain
C) Pain is the physiological process of receiving stimuli, while nociception is the psychological experience
D) Pain and nociception are synonymous terms
B) Nociception refers to the potential for pain but does not always result in the experience of pain
Pain is often closely tied to emotions such as:
A) Only sadness and grief
B) Anger, sadness, and disgust
C) Happiness and joy
D) None of the above
B) Anger, sadness, and disgust
What is a common psychological condition that can be associated with chronic pain?
A) Anxiety
B) Depression
C) Substance abuse
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Chronic pain can lead to social consequences such as:
A) Increased social relationships
B) Social isolation and reduced quality of life
C) Enhanced personal productivity
D) Greater emotional stability
B) Social isolation and reduced quality of life
According to research, what percentage of people with chronic pain may suffer from depression?
A) 100%
B) 50-70%
C) 5 to 85%
D) 10-20%
C) 5 to 85%
Psychologists have been involved in research related to pain by:
A) Focusing only on the physiological aspects of pain
B) Developing treatments based on the biomedical model exclusively
C) Studying the verbal and non-verbal expression of pain and improving treatment approaches
D) Ignoring the psychological components of pain
C) Studying the verbal and non-verbal expression of pain and improving treatment approaches
In previous theories, pain was often viewed as:
A) A psychological experience with no biological basis
B) A hard-wired system in the body
C) A condition that could only be treated with medication
D) A purely emotional experience
B) A hard-wired system in the body
Current understanding of pain emphasizes that it is:
A) Only a result of tissue damage
B) Modulated and transmitted through the brain and central nervous system (CNS)
C) Solely based on physical injury
D) A constant and unchanging experience
B) Modulated and transmitted through the brain and central nervous system (CNS)
The transmission of pain is now understood to follow:
A) Dual pathways, both involving the brain and the CNS
B) One pathway from the body to the brain
C) A single nerve pathway
D) A pathway that only includes the peripheral nervous system
A) Dual pathways, both involving the brain and the CNS
Individual differences play a role in pain because:
A) Everyone experiences pain in the same way
B) Pain perception and response can vary greatly between individuals
C) Only certain people are able to feel pain
D) Pain is solely determined by the severity of tissue injury
B) Pain perception and response can vary greatly between individuals
Which of the following best describes the current understanding of how pain is processed?
A) Pain is a simple, linear process with no modulation
B) Pain is directly tied to the extent of injury and does not involve the brain
C) Pain is modulated and processed in the brain and CNS, influenced by dual pathways and individual differences
D) Pain is only a psychological experience and does not involve physical systems
C) Pain is modulated and processed in the brain and CNS, influenced by dual pathways and individual differences
Descartes’ early conception of pain was based on the idea that pain:
A) Was primarily a psychological phenomenon
B) Was directly linked to tissue damage in a one-on-one relationship
C) Could only be experienced by individuals with tissue damage
D) Was entirely modulated by the brain
B) Was directly linked to tissue damage in a one-on-one relationship
According to the specificity theory, pain intensity is:
A) Independent of the extent of tissue damage
B) Directly related to the severity of tissue damage
C) A purely psychological experience
D) Influenced only by social factors
B) Directly related to the severity of tissue damage
The gate control theory of pain proposes that pain is modulated by:
A) A simple one-way pathway
B) The body’s response to chemical changes alone
C) Only biological factors in the body
D) The interaction between small pain fibers and large sensory fibers in the spinal cord
D) The interaction between small pain fibers and large sensory fibers in the spinal cord
In the gate control theory, what role do large-diameter fibers play?
A) They open the gate and increase pain transmission
B) They close the gate by inhibiting pain transmission
C) They transmit emotional responses to pain
D) They are unaffected by pain stimuli
B) They close the gate by inhibiting pain transmission
The neuromatrix model of pain emphasizes:
A) Pain is only a physical sensation resulting from tissue damage
B) Pain perception is solely dependent on the spinal cord
C) The brain’s role in pain perception, incorporating sensory, cognitive, and emotional factors
D) Pain is simply a result of neural damage
C) The brain’s role in pain perception, incorporating sensory, cognitive, and emotional factors
Who developed the Gate Control Theory of Pain
Ronald MELZACK
What questionnaire did Melzack develop?
The McGill Pain Questionnaire
Phantom limb pain is an example of pain that is related to the the:
A) Prefrontal Cortex
B) Neuromatrix
C) Biopsychosocial model
D) Descending control
B) Neuromatrix
Biomedical models of pain are losing popularity because:
A) They ignore psychological and social influences on pain
B) They focus too much on rehabilitation and not enough on pain
C) They fail to consider the role of genetics in pain
D) They only focus on emotional pain without considering physical aspects
A) They ignore psychological and social influences on pain
What is the dominant theory of pain today?
Gate Control Theory
biomedical models fail to explain:
A) The influence of genetics on pain
B) The effects of hypnosis on the pain experience
C) The biological causes of chronic pain
D) The development of pain management therapies
B) The effects of hypnosis on the pain experience
Biopsychosocial models are consistent with the gate control theory because both:
A) Focus only on the biological factors of pain
B) Highlight the influence of the brain and psychological factors on pain
C) Rely solely on rehabilitation techniques for pain management
D) Disregard psychological and social components in pain
B) Highlight the influence of the brain and psychological factors on pain
According to the gate control theory of pain, nerve impulses are transmitted from:
A) The spinal cord to the brain
B) The brain to the spinal cord
C) Afferent fibres to spinal cord transmission cells
D) Large-diameter fibres to small fibres
C) Afferent fibres to spinal cord transmission cells
In the gate control theory, the gating mechanism in the spinal cord is located in the:
A) Dorsal horn
B) Medulla
C) Cerebellum
D) Cortex
A) Dorsal horn of spinal cord
In the Gate Control Theory of pain, what does the gating mechanism do?
Transmits nerve impulses from afferent fibres to spinal cord transmission cells
According to the gate control theory, large-diameter fibres have the effect of:
A) Facilitating pain transmission
B) Increasing the intensity of pain
C) Closing the gate by inhibiting transmission
D) Opening the gate by facilitating transmission
C) Closing the gate by inhibiting transmission
In the gate control theory, small fibres tend to:
A) Close the gate
B) Facilitate pain transmission by opening the gate
C) Inhibit pain transmission
D) Block the transmission of all signals
B) Facilitate pain transmission by opening the gate
What fibres “close the gate”? (Reduce pain)
Large-diameter fibres
What fibres “open the gate”? (Increase pain)
Small fibres (facilitates trammission)
When rubbing a painful area, it reduces the pain. What would the gate be doing?
Gate would be closing
Which of the following is NOT a model included in the biopsychosocial conceptualizations of pain?
A) Operant model
B) Fear avoidance model
C) Neurotransmission model
D) Cognitive behavioural conceptualizations of chronic pain
E) Communications model
C) Neurotransmission model
The biopsychosocial models of pain are contrasted with which type of model?
A) Cognitive-behavioral model
B) Emotional-behavioral model
C) Biomedical model
D) Environmental model
C) Biomedical model
The Operant Model of Pain emphasizes the importance of which factor in the development and maintenance of pain behavior?
A) Reinforcement
B) Genetics
C) Pain perception
D) Neurological damage
A) Reinforcement
According to the Operant Model, which behavior can be maintained due to reinforcement from external rewards such as attention?
A) Excessive complaining
B) Increased mobility
C) Enhanced physical therapy
D) Social engagement
A) Excessive complaining
Which of the following is a criticism of the Operant Model of Pain?
A) It overemphasizes cognitive factors
B) It fails to consider interpretations and appraisals of pain
C) It neglects the role of social support
D) It focuses only on physical causes of pain
B) It fails to consider interpretations and appraisals of pain
Therapy based on operant principles has been found to be effective in the short term for:
A) Pain intensity reduction
B) Improving physical functioning only
C) Pain behavior management
D) Eliminating pain
C) Pain behavior management
In clinical practice, operant model-based therapy is often integrated with which other approach?
A) Psychoanalytic therapy
B) Cognitive behavioral therapy
C) Humanistic therapy
D) Hypnotherapy
B) Cognitive behavioral therapy
The Fear-Avoidance Model of Pain suggests that certain movements and behaviors become associated with what?
A) Reduced pain
B) Increased pain or re-injury
C) Social support
D) Pain relief
B) Increased pain or re-injury
According to the Fear-Avoidance Model, what is the outcome of excessive avoidance of activities?
A) Increased physical strength
B) Reduction in chronic pain
C) Enhanced flexibility
D) Stiffness and deconditioning
D) Stiffness and deconditioning
Which of the following beliefs is an example of a fear avoidance belief according to the model?
A) “I should push through the pain”
B) “I must avoid most activities because I am afraid of re-injury”
C) “Pain is only temporary”
D) “I can manage my pain without avoiding activities”
B) “I must avoid most activities because I am afraid of re-injury.”
Fear avoidance beliefs have been shown to predict which of the following outcomes?
A) Decreased risk of disability
B) Improved quality of life
C) Future disability and chronicity
D) Reduced pain intensity
C) Future disability and chronicity
Which of the following has been argued about the Fear-Avoidance Model of Pain?
A) Fear avoidance is the only factor influencing pain
B) Fear of pain is the most important factor in pain disability
C) Fear of pain leading to avoidance may be one of many variables influencing pain experience
D) Fear avoidance beliefs do not impact chronic pain
C) Fear of pain leading to avoidance may be one of many variables influencing pain experience
In the Communications Model of Pain, what is the first step of the pain communication process?
A) Verbal expression of pain
B) Internal experience of pain
C) Decoding pain behavior by an observer
D) Non-verbal expression of pain
B) Internal experience of pain
What is the second step in the Communications Model of Pain?
A) Internal experience of pain
B) Verbal and non-verbal expressive behavior
C) Decoding pain behavior by an observer
D) Understanding the cause of pain
B) Verbal and non-verbal expressive behavior
In the Communications Model of Pain, who decodes the pain behavior?
A) The person experiencing the pain
B) The observer
C) The pain relief provider
D) The medical professional
B) The observer
According to the Communications Model of Pain, which of the following factors affect the internal experience of pain?
A) Cognitive, affective, and brain correlates
B) Pain medications
C) Physical environment
D) Pain relief interventions
A) Cognitive, affective, and brain correlates
What type of behaviors are considered more automatic and less under voluntary control in the Communications Model of Pain?
A) Self-reported pain
B) Non-verbal pain behaviors
C) Cognitive pain assessments
D) Professional medical evaluations
B) Non-verbal pain behaviors
Which of the following is true about self-reported pain in the Communications Model of Pain?
A) It is more automatic and reflexive
B) It is less under voluntary control
C) It is easier to decode by an observer
D) It involves mainly non-verbal communication
C) It is easier to decode by an observer
What factor can influence the decoding of pain behavior by an observer?
A) The person’s health status
B) The observer’s sex or gender
C) The person’s cultural background
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
According to the Communications Model of Pain, how can observer actions influence the pain experience?
A) They have no influence
B) They can only worsen the pain experience
C) They have the potential to palliate or worsen the pain experience
D) They help in curing the pain
C) They have the potential to palliate or worsen the pain experience
How can cultural background affect the expression of pain, according to the Communications Model of Pain?
A) It has no impact on pain expression
B) It determines whether pain is expressed verbally or non-verbally
C) It can influence the intensity of pain expressed
D) It makes people express less pain overall
C) It can influence the intensity of pain expressed
What are the three variables in the developmental context of the Biopsychosocial Model of Pediatric Pain?
Family Level Variables
Dyadic Variables
Individual Variables
Based on Biopsychosocial Model of Pediatric Pain, give an example of family level variables.
Family environment
Overall functioning
Based on Biopsychosocial Model of Pediatric Pain, give an example of Dyadic variables.
Parent-child interaction
Based on Biopsychosocial Model of Pediatric Pain, give an example of individual variables.
Parenting style
Parental reinforcement
How parent responds to pain
Based on Biopsychosocial Model of Pediatric Pain, what are some possible moderators that can play into the pain experience?
Child gender
Child emotional symptoms
Child age
Child developmental status
Parental pain history
What is the main focus of the Cognitive Behavioural Conceptualization of Pain?
A) The role of social and cultural influences in the pain experience
B) The interconnections among cognitive factors, emotions, and behaviors
C) The neurological pathways involved in pain transmission
D) The use of medication to manage pain
B) The interconnections among cognitive factors, emotions, and behaviors
According to the Cognitive Behavioural Conceptualization of Pain, what is a key difference between individuals who adjust well to pain and those who do not?
A) Their physical strength
B) Their appraisals and interpretations of the pain situation
C) The severity of their pain
D) Their access to medical treatments
B) Their appraisals and interpretations of the pain situation
What role do cognitive factors such as beliefs play in the pain experience according to the Cognitive Behavioural Conceptualization of Pain?
A) They can affect emotions and behaviors, influencing how individuals cope with pain
B) They are irrelevant to the pain experience
C) They only influence the physiological aspects of pain
D) They reduce the experience of pain entirely
A) They can affect emotions and behaviors, influencing how individuals cope with pain
How can maladaptive beliefs, such as “I can never enjoy anything with this pain problem,” affect a person’s pain experience?
A) They can lead to better coping with pain
B) They are only relevant in acute pain, not chronic pain
C) They will have no impact on the pain experience
D) They may cause exaggerated concern about re-injury, resulting in reduced activity
D) They may cause exaggerated concern about re-injury, resulting in reduced activity
What is a known risk factor in the development of chronic pain, according to the Cognitive Behavioural Conceptualization of Pain?
A) Catastrophic thinking about pain
B) Lack of physical activity
C) Emotional stability
D) The use of medication
A) Catastrophic thinking about pain
Which of the following is an example of a psychological intervention based on the Cognitive Behavioural Conceptualization of Pain?
A) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
B) Opioid pain management
C) Surgery to block pain signals
D) Physical rehabilitation
A) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Which of the following is an example of an adaptive cognition or belief in the context of pain?
A) Catastrophizing
B) Pain = harm
C) Self-efficacy
D) Fear of pain/re-injury
C) Self-efficacy
What does the belief of “Pain = harm” represent?
A) An adaptive belief that helps in pain management
B) A maladaptive belief that may increase distress and disability
C) A strategy to manage pain through exercise
D) An example of pacing in chronic pain management
B) A maladaptive belief that may increase distress and disability
Which of the following is a maladaptive behaviour related to chronic pain?
A) Exercise
B) Pacing
C) Avoidance
D) Control
C) Avoidance
Which is NOT an adaptive behaviour related to chronic pain?
a) Control
b) Benefit finding
c) Exercise
d) Guarding
e) Willingness
d) Guarding
Which is NOT a maladaptive behaviour related to chronic pain?
A) Catastrophizing
B) Pacing
C) Avoidance
D) Guarding
E) Fear of pain
B) Pacing
What behaviour is associated with “pacing” in pain management?
A) Avoiding all physical activity to prevent pain
B) Gradually increasing activity levels while managing pain
C) Exaggerating pain complaints to receive attention
D) Using medication excessively to control pain
B) Gradually increasing activity levels while managing pain
Which of the following is an example of an antecedent to pain behaviour?
A) Social support
B) Work environment
C) Stress
D) Pain intensity
C) Stress
What are the consequences of pain behaviour?
A) Factors that increase pain intensity
B) External factors such as social support or caregiving
C) Situational or environmental elements like work environment
D) Internal processes like stress or anxiety
B) External factors such as social support or caregiving
What situational or environmental element can affect pain behaviour?
A) Cognitive appraisals
B) Work environment
C) Beliefs about pain
D) Self-efficacy
B) Work environment
Which of the following is a potential consequence of pain behaviour?
A) Increased fear of pain
B) Decreased social support
C) Increased social support
D) Maladaptive coping strategies
C) Increased social support
What is an example of an antecedent of pain behaviour in a work environment?
A) A supportive colleague
B) A heavy workload causing stress
C) A comforting work culture
D) Physical rehabilitation programs
B) A heavy workload causing stress
What is the overall prevalence of chronic pain in children and adolescents?
A) 10.5%
B) 15.3%
C) 20.8%
D) 25.4%
C) 20.8%
Which of the following is an individual impact of chronic pain in youth?
A) Reduced parental involvement
B) Lower quality of life
C) Increased family cohesion
D) Improved school performance
B) Lower quality of life
Which of the following is a potential consequence of chronic pain in youth related to school?
A) Improved academic performance
B) School absences and problems with school functioning
C) Increased social support
D) Enhanced school engagement
B) School absences and problems with school functioning
Which of the following psychological symptoms may be associated with chronic pain in youth?
A) Increased energy levels
B) Anxiety and depressive symptoms
C) Increased emotional resilience
D) Decreased stress levels
B) Anxiety and depressive symptoms
How can chronic pain in youth affect physical activity?
A) It leads to increased physical activity
B) It may result in limited physical activity
C) It improves motor skills
D) It encourages participation in sports
B) It may result in limited physical activity
Which of the following is an impact of chronic pain on parents and families?
A) Increased family functioning and cohesion
B) Burden associated with medical visits
C) Improved family dynamics
D) Decreased stress levels
B) Burden associated with medical visits
How does chronic pain affect family functioning?
A) It enhances family communication
B) It may lead to poorer family functioning
C) It encourages family engagement in therapy
D) It results in improved financial stability
B) It may lead to poorer family functioning
What percentage of children with chronic pain continue to experience chronic pain as adults?
A) One-third
B) Half
C) Two-thirds
D) Nearly all
C) Two-thirds
Which of the following factors plays a significant role in predicting the trajectory of chronic pain in youth?
A) Physical fitness
B) Psychological factors
C) Socioeconomic status
D) Educational attainment
B) Psychological factors
What negative outcome is associated with adolescent chronic pain in young adulthood?
A) Increased educational attainment
B) Improved vocational functioning
C) Social impairments
D) Reduced family functioning
C) Social impairments
What impact does adolescent chronic pain have on educational outcomes in young adulthood?
A) Increased educational attainment
B) Reduced educational attainment
C) Enhanced academic performance
D) No impact on educational outcomes
B) Reduced educational attainment
Which vocational outcome is commonly associated with adolescent chronic pain in young adulthood?
A) Better job stability
B) Poor vocational functioning
C) Increased job satisfaction
D) Career advancement
B) Poor vocational functioning
What is the overall prevalence of chronic pain in adults?
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 50%
C) 20%
Which of the following is NOT commonly impacted by chronic pain in adults?
A) Mood and psychological functioning
B) Vocational functioning
C) Social and intimate relationships
D) Academic performance
D) Academic performance
Chronic pain in adults can negatively affect which of the following economic factors?
A) Career advancement
B) Economic circumstances
C) Work-life balance
D) Savings and investments
B) Economic circumstances
Chronic pain in adults is associated with an increased risk of which of the following behaviors?
A) Regular exercise
B) Substance abuse
C) Social engagement
D) Improved sleep quality
B) Substance abuse
How can chronic pain affect social and intimate relationships in adults?
A) It can lead to improved communication
B) It can create stress and strain on relationships
C) It has no impact on social relationships
D) It enhances relationship satisfaction
B) It can create stress and strain on relationships
What is a key focus in the psychological assessment of pain?
A) Assessing physical injuries
B) Understanding the patient’s psychological functioning, including co-morbidities and coping styles
C) Providing immediate pain relief strategies
D) Prescribing medications for pain management
B) Understanding the patient’s psychological functioning, including co-morbidities and coping styles
Which of the following is a common tool used to assess the dimensions of the pain experience?
A) McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)
B) Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)
C) Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
What is a key focus in the psychological assessment of pain?
A) Assessing physical injuries
B) Understanding the patient’s psychological functioning, including co-morbidities and coping styles
C) Providing immediate pain relief strategies
D) Prescribing medications for pain management
B) Understanding the patient’s psychological functioning, including co-morbidities and coping styles
Which of the following dimensions of pain does the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) assess?
A) Sensory
B) Affective
C) Evaluative
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
What psychological factor is associated with poor rehabilitation outcomes and often measured in the assessment of pain?
A) Catastrophic thinking
B) Positive thinking
C) Stress management
D) Emotional regulation
A) Catastrophic thinking
What does the psychological assessment of pain commonly evaluate in terms of pain behaviour?
A) The patient’s daily routine
B) The antecedents and consequences of pain behaviour
C) The intensity of physical pain
D) The specific treatments used for pain
B) The antecedents and consequences of pain behaviour
Which of the following social/environmental factors can influence the pain experience?
A) Social support
B) Work environment
C) Adversarial compensation systems
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
In the assessment of pain, which type of coping strategies are associated with better outcomes?
A) Passive coping strategies
B) Problem-solving coping strategies
C) Emotional avoidance
D) Relying on others to alleviate pain
B) Problem-solving coping strategies
What is considered a gold-standard assessment of chronic pain?
A) Pain medication history
B) Pain characteristics, impact, and full personal and psychological history
C) Physical examination only
D) Frequency of pain episodes
B) Pain characteristics, impact, and full personal and psychological history
What is typically included in a comprehensive intake interview for chronic pain assessment?
A) Only the patient’s current pain levels
B) Full personal and psychological history, including past treatments and goals
C) An evaluation of current medications only
D) The impact of pain on family dynamics
B) Full personal and psychological history, including past treatments and goals
Which of the following is a key component of assessing pain characteristics in chronic pain patients?
A) Employment history
B) Pain interference with daily life
C) Medication preferences
D) Financial situation
B) Pain interference with daily life
Why is a family history relevant in the assessment of chronic pain?
A) To assess any hereditary conditions that might affect the pain experience
B) To determine pain medication use
C) To identify the patient’s pain coping strategies
D) To focus on family dynamics in pain management
A) To assess any hereditary conditions that might affect the pain experience
T or F: Pain is a subjective experience
True
At what age can pain be reliably assessed via self-report?
A) 1 year
B) 4 years
C) 6 years
D) 10 years
B) 4 years
Which pain assessment tool is commonly used for children aged 4-17 years?
A) McGill Pain Questionnaire
B) Visual Analog Scale
C) Face Pain Scales
D) Numeric Rating Scale
C) Face Pain Scales
Why is obtaining both youth and parent reports ideal in assessing pain in children and adolescents?
A) To ensure that the child’s pain is exaggerated
B) To provide a more comprehensive understanding of the pain experience across all ages
C) To avoid parental influence on the child’s self-report
D) To reduce the need for psychological assessments
B) To provide a more comprehensive understanding of the pain experience across all ages
For which age group are most pediatric pain assessment measures validated?
A) 4-7 years
B) 5-10 years
C) 8-17 years
D) 12-18 years
C) 8-17 years
Which of the following is NOT typically considered when assessing pain in youth?
A) Self-report of pain intensity
B) Parental input on pain experience
C) Observational pain behaviors
D) The child’s future educational plans
D) The child’s future educational plans
What cognitive-behavioral concept is most closely related to the change in Xavi’s family’s response to his pain after attending the workshop?
A) Catastrophic thinking
B) Pain acceptance and mindfulness
C) Reinforcement of avoidance behavior
D) Operant conditioning
B) Pain acceptance and mindfulness
What emotional response did Xavi’s parents have when his pain continued despite trying multiple treatments?
A) Indifference to the situation
B) Frustration and helplessness
C) Relief that treatments were helping
D) Guilt and self-blame
B) Frustration and helplessness
Xavi’s pain fluctuated in severity, but he never experienced complete relief. Which concept from pain management is most relevant to his experience?
A) Chronic pain cycle
B) Acute pain resolution
C) Pain catastrophizing
D) Pacing and self-regulation
A) Chronic pain cycle
What coping strategy did Xavi’s family initially find difficult to accept but later found helpful?
A) Distraction through physical activity
B) Belly breathing and mindfulness
C) Social support through group therapy
D) Use of analgesic medications
B) Belly breathing and mindfulness
How did Xavi’s mother’s emotional state influence her interactions with medical professionals?
A) She remained calm and accepting of the medical advice.
B) She ignored the doctors’ advice and sought alternative treatments.
C) She became sharp and frustrated when the treatments didn’t work.
D) She felt resigned and no longer interacted with the doctors.
C) She became sharp and frustrated when the treatments didn’t work.
Which of the following best describes Xavi’s initial reaction to the pain management techniques introduced in the workshop?
A) Complete acceptance and eagerness to try the techniques
B) Initial skepticism but later acknowledgment of their effectiveness
C) Immediate relief from pain
D) Complete rejection of the techniques and their outcomes
B) Initial skepticism but later acknowledgment of their effectiveness
What is the primary goal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in the treatment of chronic pain?
A) To eliminate pain completely
B) To complement medical treatments by addressing psychological aspects of pain
C) To provide a quick solution for pain relief
D) To focus solely on physical therapy and medication
B) To complement medical treatments by addressing psychological aspects of pain
Which of the following techniques is NOT typically incorporated in CBT for chronic pain?
A) Cognitive restructuring
B) Relaxation training
C) Hypnosis
D) Pain elimination through medication
D) Pain elimination through medication
What does biofeedback in pain management aim to help patients with?
A) Reducing the need for physical therapy
B) Becoming aware of specific physiological functions
C) Completely eliminating pain sensations
D) Pacing physical activity more efficiently
B) Becoming aware of specific physiological functions
Which of the following statements about CBT for chronic pain is true?
A) CBT always results in a complete reduction of pain intensity
B) CBT is effective in reducing negative affect but not pain intensity
C) CBT has been shown to lead to small to medium reductions in both pain intensity and negative affect
D) CBT is only effective when combined with pain medications
C) CBT has been shown to lead to small to medium reductions in both pain intensity and negative affect
Which is the main focus of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in the context of chronic pain?
A) Changing thoughts about pain to eliminate suffering
B) Completely eliminating the pain experience
C) Focusing on the acceptance of pain and relating to distressing thoughts
D) Eliminating the need for physical therapy treatments
C) Focusing on the acceptance of pain and relating to distressing thoughts
What is one significant advantage of online CBT-based pain management programs compared to face-to-face therapy?
A) Online programs are less expensive and offer similar outcomes
B) Online programs can completely eliminate the pain
C) Online programs are only effective when combined with physical therapy
D) Online programs have been shown to be inferior to face-to-face CBT therapy
A) Online programs are less expensive and offer similar outcomes
Which of the following types of pain has psychologists been involved in managing?
A) Only chronic pain
B) Post-surgical pain, burn pain, dental pain, and pain from non-surgical medical procedures
C) Only pain resulting from chronic medical conditions
D) Only post-surgical pain
B) Post-surgical pain, burn pain, dental pain, and pain from non-surgical medical procedures
Which of the following psychological interventions is NOT typically used for acute pain management?
A) Progressive muscle relaxation
B) Cognitive distraction
C) Hypnosis
D) Surgical interventions
D) Surgical interventions
What is one advantage of using immersive virtual reality in the management of acute pain?
A) It eliminates the need for medication
B) It provides a distraction that can help reduce pain levels
C) It completely eliminates pain
D) It directly treats the underlying cause of pain
B) It provides a distraction that can help reduce pain levels
Which psychological technique for acute pain management involves focusing attention away from the pain and onto a specific area or object?
A) Cognitive distraction
B) Imagery-based relaxation
C) Hypnosis
D) Progressive muscle relaxation
C) Hypnosis
What is one key benefit of psycho-education in acute pain management?
A) It completely alleviates pain
B) It reduces unrealistic anxiety-provoking expectations about the procedure
C) It substitutes pharmacological treatments
D) It focuses solely on physical pain relief
B) It reduces unrealistic anxiety-provoking expectations about the procedure
What is the current research status regarding psychological interventions for acute pain management?
A) Psychological interventions for acute pain are proven to be effective without the need for pharmacological treatment
B) There is limited research on the effectiveness of psychological interventions for acute pain
C) Psychological interventions are less effective than pharmacological treatments
D) Psychological interventions are always used in place of pharmacological treatments
B) There is limited research on the effectiveness of psychological interventions for acute pain
Which of the following medical procedures can be considered painful for children?
A) Vaccinations, blood draws, lumbar punctures, port access, IV insertion
B) Routine check-ups, general physical exams, and wellness visits
C) Dental cleanings and vision tests
D) None of the above
A) Vaccinations, blood draws, lumbar punctures, port access, IV insertion
What is a common issue faced by children undergoing painful medical procedures?
A) Receiving pain-relieving interventions
B) Experiencing no discomfort or distress
C) Receiving no pain-relieving interventions
D) Excessive use of sedatives
C) Receiving no pain-relieving interventions
What can poorly managed painful procedures in early childhood lead to?
A) Improved coping mechanisms for future procedures
B) Fears, avoidance, and potential brain development issues
C) A decrease in sensitivity to pain
D) Rapid recovery from future medical procedures
B) Fears, avoidance, and potential brain development issues
Which of the following is a potential consequence of poorly managed painful procedures during childhood?
A) Reduced pain sensitivity
B) Progression to adult chronic pain
C) Improvement in physical health
D) Increased brain plasticity and resilience
B) Progression to adult chronic pain
Why is it important to manage pain during medical procedures for children?
A) To increase the likelihood of children avoiding all medical treatments in the future
B) To prevent negative long-term consequences, such as fear, avoidance, and chronic pain development
C) To make the child feel the pain so they become more resilient
D) To decrease the need for medical interventions later in life
B) To prevent negative long-term consequences, such as fear, avoidance, and chronic pain development
Which of the following is an example of non-attending behavior by parents during a child’s acute pain episode?
A) Humor
B) Criticism
C) Empathy
D) Apologies
A) Humor
Which of the following is considered an attending behavior that parents may exhibit during their child’s acute pain experience?
A) Giving control
B) Non-procedural talk
C) Humor
D) Coping prompts
A) Giving control
T or F: Poorly managed painful procedures early in childhood are related to progression to adult chronic pain.
True
List Non-Attending Parent behaviours during acute pain episodes.
Humour
Non-Procedural Talking
Coping Prompts
List Attending Parent Behaviours
Empathy
Apologies
Criticism
Reassurance
Giving control
What is this:
Ipad games, singing songs, listening to music.
Distractions
Which of the following techniques should be avoided during acute pain management in children?
A) Deep breathing with toys
B) Talking about something fun
C) Reassurance statements like “It’ll be over soon”
D) Guided imagery
C) Reassurance statements like “It’ll be over soon”
What is an example of a toy that can be used to encourage deep breathing in children during acute pain?
A) Fidget spinner
B) Pinwheel
C) Action figure
D) Puzzle
B) Pinwheel
Which of the following is an appropriate way for parents to communicate during an acute pain episode?
A) “It’ll be over soon”
B) “You’re okay, don’t worry”
C) “Ready?” or “Here we go!”
D) “Stop crying, it’s not that bad”
C) “Ready?” or “Here we go!”
Which of the following is an example of using a distraction technique for acute pain management in children?
A) Guided imagery
B) Parental reassurance
C) Discussing the child’s pain intensity
D) Physical therapy
A) Guided imagery
What is the Magic Glove Technique?
A) Hypnotic technique
B) Physical therapy
C) Guided Imagery
D) Deep Breathing technique
A) Hypnotic technique
What is one of the most common fears children experience regarding medical procedures?
A) Loud noises
B) Needle-related procedures (e.g., immunizations, venepuncture)
C) Doctors’ attire
D) The waiting room
B) Needle-related procedures (e.g., immunizations, venepuncture)
Which of the following is an example of a psychological intervention that has been shown to decrease pain and distress associated with medical procedures in children?
A) Using pharmacological treatments alone
B) Distraction techniques
C) Providing no intervention
D) Avoiding parental involvement
B) Distraction techniques
Which of the following is the most common barrier to effective pain management in children during medical procedures?
A) Inadequate training for parents
B) Fear of the child’s pain not being valid
C) Lack of awareness or use of evidence-based strategies
D) Children not being able to communicate their pain
C) Lack of awareness or use of evidence-based strategies
What type of intervention is commonly recommended for children undergoing immunizations to reduce pain?
A) Physical therapy
B) Topical anesthetic creams (e.g., EMLA)
C) Avoiding parental involvement
D) Surgical procedures
B) Topical anesthetic creams (e.g., EMLA)
Which of the following is an important element of preparing children for upcoming medical procedures?
A) Not mentioning the pain at all
B) Only informing the child of the procedure’s duration
C) Providing sensory and procedural information, including coping strategies
D) Minimizing any mention of the procedure
C) Providing sensory and procedural information, including coping strategies
Which group of children is at particular risk for experiencing repeated painful medical procedures?
A) Healthy children with no prior medical history
B) Children with chronic medical conditions
C) Children who have never received vaccinations
D) Children who avoid healthcare settings
B) Children with chronic medical conditions
How is pain typically assessed in children who are unable to communicate due to age or distress?
A) Using self-report pain scales
B) Through behavioral measures, such as facial movements and actions
C) Using a general distress scale
D) By asking the child’s caregiver to describe the pain
B) Through behavioral measures, such as facial movements and actions
What percentage of Canadian adolescents aged 13–17 report experiencing chronic pain at least once a week?
A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 20%
D) 25%
C) 20%
Which of the following is not considered a common type of chronic pain in children and adolescents?
A) Headaches
B) Stomach aches
C) Backaches
D) Toothaches
D) Toothaches
What percentage of children with chronic pain experience significant pain-related interference?
A) 2%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 15%
B) 5%
Which psychological factor is associated with predicting the continuation of chronic pain into adulthood?
A) Pain intensity
B) Emotional functioning
C) Physical activity
D) Sleep disturbances
B) Emotional functioning
What is the primary goal of core outcome domains for the assessment of pediatric chronic pain?
A) To identify the underlying medical condition
B) To measure pain intensity and physical functioning
C) To improve the child’s ability to participate in school sports
D) To eliminate the use of medications for pain
B) To measure pain intensity and physical functioning
Which of the following psychological interventions has been found to be effective in reducing pain intensity in children with chronic pain?
A) Biofeedback
B) Meditation
C) Exposure therapy
D) Positive reinforcement
A) Biofeedback
What is the main outcome of the Chronic Pain 35 program launched by the Stollery Children’s Hospital in Alberta, Canada?
A) Providing medication to children with chronic pain
B) Allowing teens to earn high school credits while attending therapy
C) Offering free consultations for pediatricians
D) Focusing solely on physical therapy for chronic pain management
B) Allowing teens to earn high school credits while attending therapy
Which of the following is a psychological intervention used in treating pediatric chronic pain?
A) Hypnosis
B) Cognitive behavioural therapy
C) Relaxation techniques
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
What is the most common intervention for children with chronic pain that requires intensive, multidisciplinary care?
A) Medication only
B) Physical therapy only
C) Cognitive-behavioral therapy only
D) A combination of medication, therapy, and school support
D) A combination of medication, therapy, and school support
What does the term ‘pain-related interference’ refer to in children with chronic pain?
A) The inability to feel pain
B) How pain affects the child’s emotional functioning, school performance, and family life
C) The ability to manage pain with medication
D) The duration of the pain
B) How pain affects the child’s emotional functioning, school performance, and family life
What is the goal of CBT for chronic pain in adults?
Reduce maladaptive thoughts + behaviours
Increase adaptive thoughts + behaviours
Improve functioning + quality of life
Which of the following is not a common component of CBT for chronic pain in adults?
A) Psycho-education
B) Cognitive restructuring
C) Relaxation training
D) Surgery
E) Behavioural activation
D) Surgery
What is one of the primary components of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for pediatric chronic pain?
A) Medication management
B) Psycho-education
C) Surgery
D) Socialization
B) Psycho-education
Which of the following is a key concept emphasized in the psycho-education component of CBT for pediatric chronic pain?
A) The role of medication in treating pain
B) Understanding the biopsychosocial model of pain
C) Avoiding all activities that cause pain
D) Focusing solely on physical symptoms of pain
B) Understanding the biopsychosocial model of pain
What does the biopsychosocial model of pain explain?
A) Pain is only a physical experience without any psychological or social components
B) Pain results from a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors
C) Pain is solely caused by physical injury and can be alleviated with medication
D) Pain can be treated through surgery alone
B) Pain results from a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors
Which of the following is a key coping strategy for pediatric chronic pain in CBT?
A) Avoiding physical activity to prevent pain
B) Relaxation techniques and cognitive strategies
C) Ignoring the pain entirely
D) Focusing solely on medication management
B) Relaxation techniques and cognitive strategies
What is the role of the parent in CBT for pediatric chronic pain?
A) To act as a protector and prevent all activities that might cause pain
B) To be a coach, helping the child implement coping strategies
C) To provide medical treatment for the child’s pain
D) To discourage participation in any therapeutic activities
B) To be a coach, helping the child implement coping strategies
What is the primary focus of parent treatment in the context of pediatric chronic pain?
A) To manage the child’s pain exclusively through medication
B) To increase strategies to help children manage their pain
C) To completely eliminate the child’s pain
D) To avoid any treatment or interventions for pain
B) To increase strategies to help children manage their pain
What does educating parents about CBT for pain management involve?
A) Teaching parents to handle all pain without any support
B) Helping parents understand and use strategies from CBT to manage and reduce their child’s pain
C) Focusing solely on medication to manage pain
D) Encouraging parents to remove all activities that may cause pain
B) Helping parents understand and use strategies from CBT to manage and reduce their child’s pain
What is an example of negative self-talk?
A) “I hate this”
B) “Nothing helps, so why should I bother?”
C) “I can’t stand it anymore”
D) “ I give up”
E) All of the above
E) All of the above
What are two common unhelpful thoughts experienced by children?
Tunnel Vision
Mind Reading
“This is the worst pain ever”
“I know I got some questions wrong on that test, I am terrible at math”
describes what?
Tunnel Vision / Negative Glasses
“If people know I’m in pain, they will think I’m weak.”
describes what?
Mind reading
You believe you know what others are thinking
What does this describe?
“Think about your peaceful placemw hat do you see, hear, and taste?”
Imagery
What is considered the gold standard treatment for chronic pain?
A) Single-modality treatment focused only on medication
B) Multidisciplinary pain management
C) Ignoring pain and allowing it to resolve naturally
D) Using only physical therapy for pain management
B) Multidisciplinary pain management
What does multidisciplinary pain management involve?
A) A team of healthcare providers working together to manage pain
B) A single healthcare provider treating pain independently
C) Focus on medication alone for pain relief
D) Limiting treatment to physical therapy only
A) A team of healthcare providers working together to manage pain
What is closely related to the concept of multidisciplinary pain management?
A) Single-modality treatment
B) Multimodal pain management
C) Use of only psychological interventions
D) Medication-only approach to pain treatment
B) Multimodal pain management
What is the key aspect of multimodal pain management in chronic pain treatment?
A) A one-size-fits-all approach to treatment
B) A combination of treatments tailored to the individual
C) Relying solely on medication for pain relief
D) Ignoring the psychological and emotional aspects of pain
B) A combination of treatments tailored to the individual
How does the concept of individualized treatment play a role in multidisciplinary pain management?
A) Treatments are combined in ways that are unique to each individual’s pain experience
B) All patients receive the same treatment regardless of their unique needs
C) There is a standard treatment protocol followed for every patient
D) Only one treatment modality is selected based on the patient’s age
A) Treatments are combined in ways that are unique to each individual’s pain experience
