HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS, ADHERENCE, HEALTH DISPARITIES Flashcards
What are the approaches clinical health psychologists taking to care for patients largely shaped by?
Health systems
What 4 factors influence interaction between providers and patients in health systems?
Public and private funding arrangements
Administrative structures
Government regulations
Delivery modes
what are 3 topics of interest discussed in health systems for clinical health psychologists ?
Drug misuse/overuse
Adherence to medical care
Medical cost offset of psychological interventions
What are the three functions of a health system
- Deliver personal + population-based health services
- Enable the delivery of health services
- Influence what other sectors do when it is relevant to health
What does stewardship mean?
Stewardship is the responsible oversight and protection of something worth caring for and preserving.
Why is stewardship important in health services?
In healthcare, stewardship refers to the government’s role in managing, funding, and regulating the health system to ensure it runs well and benefits everyone.
What type of insurance is job-based insurance programs where workers contribute to a shared fund to cover healthcare costs?
Social Health Insurance Systems
What insurance is based on pooled contributions, meaning everyone contributes, and the money is used to help those who need medical care?
Social Health Insurance
What healthcare system is funded by taxes (tax-funded) rather than through insurance contributions?
National Health Systems or Beveridge Systems
What system uses private companies that set premiums for health insurance plans based on the risk of the individual where terms of coverage are set?
Private Health Insurance System
What healthcare system does Quebec have?
Private + Beveridge Systems
Which countries use social health insurance?
France
Germany
Austria
What country relies the most on Private Health Insurance?
USA
Describe the USA’s healthcare.
Mixed Health System: Draws on all three models dominated by Private Health Insurance
Describe the Canadian healthcare system
National Health: medically necessary care is paid for through taxes collected by the government.taxation
Provincial governments + Regional Health Authorities (RHAs) manage healthcare, focusing on providing cost-effective treatments and preventing illnesses.
(ex: prescription drug plans)
Who is the biggest spender in universal health-care who also has the least return?
Canada
Explain this problem that Clinical Health Psychologists (CHPs) address in health systems with an example
Treating psychological conditions secondary to illness
Body image concerns post-burn
Mood changes following traumatic brain injury (increase impulsivity and irritability)
Explain this problem that CHPs address in health systems with an example:
Targeting physical conditions responsive to behavioural interventions
They reduce medical non-adherence
They improve patient pain control
Ex: use CBT
Explain this problem that CHPs address in health systems with an example:
Reducing physical and psychological discomfort around medical procedures
Fear about MRI
Fear about surgery
Fear about chemotherapy
Explain this problem that CHPs address in health systems with an example:
Altering health behaviours that are relevant to risk factors for disease or disability
Reduce smoking
Increase exercise
Reduce substance use
Explain this problem that CHPs address in health systems with an example:
Diagnosing and referring people with psychological presentations of organic problems. This will inform how you treat it.
Recognizing when psychological symptoms are caused by medical or pharmacological factors rather than being primary mental health conditions.
Steroid-induced psychosis
Explain this problem that CHPs address in health systems with an example:
Identifying and treating psychological difficulties that contribute to physical
problems
PTSD leads to conversion disorder
Tension leading to migraines
What is the functional neurological disorder that causes physical symptoms in response to psychological stress.
Ex: Can’t walk but didn’t suffer any spinal cord injury.
Conversion disorder
Explain this problem that CHPs address in health systems with an example:
Facilitating the recovery or adaptation of individuals with chronic physical or
mental health conditions
Cancer
Multiple sclerosis
SCI
Depression
Explain this problem that CHPs address in health systems with an example:
Helping healthcare providers and patients deal with health system stresses
Improving patient-physician relationships
Reducing staff burnout
What causes patients to pay out of pocket, use private insurance or not be able to afford psychological services?
Lack of public coverage for psychological services
What are the three types of health care services?
Primary Care
Secondary Care
Tertiary Care
What type of care is this?
First contact, ex: family physician
Primary Care
What type of care is this?
Referral from first-contact provider
Secondary Care
What type of care is this?
Very specialized care, like chronic pain clinic
Tertiary care
Describe outpatient care.
Patient who receives a medical treatment without being admitted to a hospital
(attending a clinic as an outpatient)
Outpatient is usually what care level?
Secondary Care
Which one describes tertiary care?
a) main health care aimed at prevention
b) even more specialized care
c) broad range of specialized services
b) even more specialized care
which one describes secondary care?
a) main health care aimed at prevention
b) even more specialized care
c) broad range of specialized services
c) broad range of specialized services
What kind of care is a teaching hospital or academic health center?
a) primary care
b) secondary care
c) tertiary care
c) tertiary care
What do you call short-term care for injury or illness?
ACUTE CARE
Describe CHRONIC CARE.
Care for pre-existing or long-term illness
Medical Misuse refers to :
- 2.
1) overuse of medical service
2) delays in obtaining medical services
What are the two outcomes of medical service misuse?
Harm people
Increase costs
What psychological conditions associated with greater use of medical care?
Panic Disorder
Depression
General Anxiety
Health Anxiety
What is a common reason people with health anxiety overuse medical services?
A) To receive unnecessary medications
B) To alleviate their anxiety
C) To avoid medical procedures
D) To seek emotional support
B) To alleviate their anxiety
What is one of the psychological conditions associated with greater use of medical care?
A) Schizophrenia
B) Depression
C) Post-traumatic stress disorder
D) Insomnia
B) Depression
People with panic disorder are more likely to visit which medical units?
A) Dermatology and orthopedics
B) Cardiology, family medicine, and emergency medicine
C) Neurology and psychiatry
D) Pediatrics and gynecology
B) Cardiology, family medicine, and emergency medicine
What is a common symptom of depression that may contribute to overuse of medical care?
A) Persistent feelings of high energy
B) Change in weight or appetite
C) Excessive sleepiness or insomnia
D) Feelings of low self-worth
B) Change in weight or appetite
What can help reduce the overuse of medical services for psychological conditions?
A) Ignoring the symptoms
B) Recognizing and treating the psychological condition
C) Providing more physical examinations
D) Increasing the frequency of emergency visits
B) Recognizing and treating the psychological condition
What health conditions benefit the most from timely care to improve outcomes?
A) Chronic headaches
B) Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) and stroke
C) Long-term diabetes management
D) Mental health disorders
B) Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) and stroke
What is a common psychological reason for people delaying treatment?
A) High healthcare costs
B) Not recognizing early symptoms as needing intervention
C) Having too many medical tests
D) Trust in healthcare providers
B) Not recognizing early symptoms as needing intervention
Which of the following is a demographic factor associated with delayed treatment for acute myocardial infarction?
A) Younger age
B) Being male
C) Higher education
D) Being Black
D) Being Black
What is one of the factors that may contribute to delayed treatment for myocardial infarction?
A) Anxiety about treatment
B) History of angina
C) Living near medical care facilities
D) A strong support network
B) History of angina
What role does medical mistrust play in delaying healthcare?
A) It increases the likelihood of following medical advice
B) It encourages patients to seek care more quickly
C) It is associated with postponing care and not following prescriptions
D) It decreases the need for follow-up appointments
C) It is associated with postponing care and not following prescriptions
Why do community-based public education campaigns often fail to reduce delays in seeking care for conditions like myocardial infarction and stroke?
A) The campaigns target the wrong populations
B) People are unaware of the risks of delay
C) The campaigns are not sophisticated enough to address diverse factors
D) The education is too expensive to implement
C) The campaigns are not sophisticated enough to address diverse factors
One strategy psychologists use with patients who are at risk of delaying treatment is:
A) Encouraging them to ignore their symptoms
B) Encouraging them to keep a symptom diary
C) Forcing them to go to the doctor immediately
D) Giving them medication
B) Encouraging them to keep a symptom diary
What is a potential consequence of delayed healthcare?
A) Reduced healthcare spending
B) Increased morbidity and mortality
C) Improved treatment outcomes
D) Shorter wait times for care
B) Increased morbidity and mortality
Delayed healthcare can result in increased:
A) Healthcare efficiency
B) Health-care spending
C) Access to treatment
D) Patient satisfaction
B) Health-care spending
What are two common factors that contribute to delayed care in health systems?
A) High fees and long wait times
B) Increased health insurance coverage and short wait times
C) Low user fees and fast medical services
D) Strong community education and easy access to care
A) High fees and long wait times
What is adherence to medical care?
A) Patients following medical advice and treatment recommendations
B) Patients seeking medical care only when they feel sick
C) Patients ignoring treatment advice from healthcare professionals
D) Healthcare professionals following up with patients’ treatments
A) Patients following medical advice and treatment
How much more likely are patients who adhere to medical advice to have a positive treatment outcome compared to non-adherent patients?
A) Twice as likely
B) Three times as likely
C) Four times as likely
D) Five times as likely
B) Three times as likely
Which of the following is a method used by psychologists to measure patient adherence to medical recommendations?
A) Asking patients to ignore their treatment plans
B) Counting pills, asking patients to keep diaries, or using physical tests
C) Encouraging patients to avoid medical appointments
D) Relying solely on healthcare providers’ opinions
B) Counting pills, asking patients to keep diaries, or using physical tests
Which of the following is a disadvantage of self-reporting adherence?
A) It is very expensive
B) It provides real-time data
C) It can be distorted by patients’ memory of their behaviors
D) It is always accurate
C) It can be distorted by patients’ memory of their behaviors
Why is the term “adherence” preferred over “compliance” in healthcare?
A) Adherence implies patients are passively following orders
B) Adherence recognizes that patients actively participate in following care
C) Compliance is considered a more formal term
D) Compliance means patients have no choice in their treatment
B) Adherence recognizes that patients actively participate in following care
How is adherence to medical care typically viewed by psychologists?
A) As a binary (adherent or non-adherent) trait
B) As a continuum, ranging from 0% to 100%
C) As something that only happens during hospital stays
D) As an irrelevant factor in patient care
B) As a continuum, ranging from 0% to 100%
What is a potential consequence of non-adherence to medical recommendations?
A) Increased health-care costs and poorer health
B) Reduced health-care costs and better health outcomes
C) Fewer medical tests and faster recovery
D) Improved long-term health and decreased healthcare needs
A) Increased health-care costs and poorer health
Which of the following is true about adherence to medical recommendations?
A) Adherence has no impact on health outcomes
B) Adherence is vital to achieving good health outcomes
C) Non-adherence improves the chances of a successful recovery
D) Non-adherence reduces the need for medical care
B) Adherence is vital to achieving good health outcomes
Which of the following is NOT a form of adherence to medical care?
A) Taking medication as recommended
B) Keeping medical appointments
C) Ignoring medical advice
D) Following recommended health behaviors
C) Ignoring medical advice
Which of the following is used to measure adherence?
A) Patient’s favorite medication
B) Diaries
C) Family member’s opinion
D) Only verbal feedback from the doctor
B) Diaries
What is one way to measure adherence using medications?
A) Asking patients to guess their treatment plan
B) Pill counts
C) Having patients stop treatment to test their response
D) Ignoring any changes in medication
B) Pill counts
Which of the following can be used to assess adherence to medical recommendations?
A) Self-reports
B) Lab tests
C) Diaries
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Greater adherence is linked to what 5 things.
Severity of condition
Perceived effectiveness of treatment
Easy to follow recommendations
Higher education, income and SES
Trust in health-care provider
Which model is used to improve adherence by providing information, addressing motivation and examining their strategiies and barriers to adherence?
A) The Health Belief Model
B) The Information-Motivation-Strategy Model
C) The Self-Regulation Model
D) The Adherence Feedback Model
B) The Information-Motivation-Strategy Model
What is the first step in the Information-Motivation-Strategy model to improve adherence?
A) Identifying and addressing practical barriers
B) Focusing on patient motivation
C) Providing clear and effective information to patients
D) Encouraging self-regulation strategies
C) Providing clear and effective information to patients
What motivates patients to adhere to treatment according to the Information-Motivation-Strategy model?
A) Beliefs about disease severity, treatment efficacy, and self-efficacy
B) Direct rewards for adherence
C) Strict monitoring by healthcare providers
D) Limiting the number of treatment options
A) Beliefs about disease severity, treatment efficacy, and self-efficacy
What practical barriers might interfere with patient adherence to medical recommendations?
A) Limited access to healthcare providers
B) Difficulties coping with dose frequency and regimen complexity
C) Patients’ lack of understanding of the disease
D) High-quality self-care tools and resources
B) Difficulties coping with dose frequency and regimen complexity
What is an important factor in patient adherence when self-regulation is involved?
A) Offering rewards for every small achievement
B) Limiting the number of activities that require self-control
C) Ignoring environmental cues that may cause stress
D) Reducing the number of healthcare appointments
B) Limiting the number of activities that require self-control
In the Information-Motivation-Strategy Model, how can healthcare professionals assist patients with self-regulation?
A) Reduce the number of treatment options
B) Encourage patients to obtain sufficient rest and relaxation
C) Increase the number of activities requiring self-control
D) Ignore environmental cues that may trigger stress
B) Encourage patients to obtain sufficient rest and relaxation
What is the overall non-adherence rate for pediatric patients?
A) 20%
B) 90%
C) 75%
D) 50%
D) 50%
Which of the following is a variable associated with adherence to treatment in children?
A) The child’s favorite color
B) Child age
C) The weather forecast
D) The child’s favorite TV show
B) Child age
Which factor is NOT typically associated with adherence to pediatric treatment regimens?
A) Child emotional development
B) Family factors
C) Reinforcement-based interventions
D) The child’s peer group
D) The child’s peer group
What kind of interventions are effective for improving adherence to pediatric treatment regimens?
A) Punishment-based interventions
B) Reinforcement-based interventions
C) Ignoring the child’s behavior
D) Pushing treatment
B) Reinforcement-based interventions
T or F: Greater parent involvement generally makes adherence better.
True
What stage is adherence for children?
Adolescence
Which of the following is NOT an intervention used to improve adherence to pediatric treatment regimens?
A) Reinforcement-based interventions
B) Monitoring
C) Self-reporting and note taking
D) Goal-setting
E) Linking medication with established routines
F) Problem Solving
C) Self-reporting and note taking
Which type of intervention tends to produce the greatest cost offset in medical patients?
A) Non-specific psychotherapy
B) Structured psychological interventions like psycho-education
C) Prescription medications
D) Physical therapy interventions
B) Structured psychological interventions like psycho-education
In the study on coronary disease patients, what was the outcome for those who received cognitive behavioral therapy?
A) Longer hospital stays and higher hospitalization costs
B) Shorter hospital stays and lower hospitalization costs
C) No significant change in hospital stays or costs
D) Longer hospital stays but no difference in costs
B) Shorter hospital stays and lower hospitalization costs
Which group is at particularly high risk for non-adherence to prescribed medical regimens?
A) Infants
B) Adolescents
C) Elderly patients
D) Toddlers
B) Adolescents
What is one factor consistently associated with better treatment adherence in children?
A) More complex treatment regimens
B) Lower parental involvement
C) Greater child and parental involvement in condition management
D) Minimal use of reinforcement techniques
C) Greater child and parental involvement in condition management
Which intervention technique has been shown to be effective for improving adherence in children?
A) Only verbal reminders from health-care providers
B) Reinforcement-based interventions, like sticker charts
C) Medication without family involvement
D) Simplified medication regimens without behavioral support
B) Reinforcement-based interventions, like sticker charts
What is a common issue that can cause considerable stress for families managing pediatric treatment regimens?
A) Difficulty swallowing pills
B) Lack of access to medications
C) Misunderstanding of treatment plans
D) Availability of health-care services
A) Difficulty swallowing pills
What method is suggested for helping children who have difficulty swallowing pills?
A) Hiding medications in foods
B) Ignoring the issue and continuing treatment
C) Providing medication only in liquid form
D) Using behavior-modification techniques like modeling and reinforcement
D) Using behavior-modification techniques like modeling and reinforcement
Which principle is the foundation of pill swallowing training?
A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Behavior therapy
D) Cognitive-behavioral therapy
C) Behavior therapy
What technique is used to help a child gradually learn to swallow pills by successive approximations of the desired behaviour?
A) Positive reinforcement
B) Shaping
C) Modeling
B) Shaping
What does the psychologist do during the pill swallowing training process?
A) Verbal instruction
B) Modeling
C) Positive reinforcement
D) Corrective feedback
E) All of the above
E) All of the above
Verbal Instruction
Modelling
Positive Reinforcement
Corrective feedback
How is shaping used in pill swallowing training?
Rewarding the successful swallowing of increasingly
larger “pills” until the patient can easily swallow the size and number of pills required for their medical treatment.
In pill swallowing training, what kind of items might be used to help children practice swallowing pills?
A) Actual medication tablets
B) Sprinkles, Nerds, Mike & Ikes, placebo tablets
C) Vitamins only
D) None of the above
B) Sprinkles, Nerds, Mike & Ikes, placebo tablets
Which of the following is NOT a component of the pill swallowing training?
A) Shaping
B) Verbal instruction
C) Emotional support
D) Corrective feedback
C) Emotional support
What is the role of positive reinforcement in pill swallowing training?
A) To punish the child for failing to swallow the pill
B) To reward the child for successful attempts at swallowing pills
C) To distract the child from their fear of swallowing pills
D) To teach the child the medical benefits of swallowing pills
B) To reward the child for successful attempts at swallowing pills
. What is the ideal setting for pill swallowing training?
A) A loud and busy environment
B) Privacy with minimal distractions
C) A group setting with other children
D) A setting with multiple distractions
B) Privacy with minimal distractions
Why is 1-on-1 training considered the best for pill swallowing?
A) It allows the child to practice independently
B) It prevents distractions from other children
C) It helps minimize emotional pressure and anxiety
D) It reduces the need for rewards
C) It helps minimize emotional pressure and anxiety
How might having parents present during pill swallowing sessions affect the child?
A) It promotes a more relaxed atmosphere
B) It can increase emotionality, anxiety, and stress
C) It allows for more positive reinforcement
D) It has no impact on the child’s behavior
B) It can increase emotionality, anxiety, and stress
What is one strategy to end a pill swallowing session positively?
A) Have the child immediately take a pill without reinforcement
B) Have the child show off their accomplishments to their parents
C) Send the child home without some feedback
D) Offer the child no rewards for participation
B) Have the child show off their accomplishments to their parents
Which of the following is included in a pill swallowing kit?
A) Placebo gel caps and candies
B) Only real medication tablets
C) Medical syringes and bandages
D) Only water and cups
A) Placebo gel caps and candies
What should be considered when preparing the cup of water for the child during pill swallowing training?
A) The cup should be full to encourage hydration
B) The cup should not be very full to avoid spilling
C) The cup should only contain juice
D) The cup should be filled with a very sweet drink
B) The cup should not be very full to avoid spilling
When selecting a preferred liquid and vessel for pill swallowing, what should be considered?
A) Only water should be used
B) The child’s preferences for liquid and vessel should be taken into account
C) The liquid should always be carbonated
D) The vessel should be very large
B) The child’s preferences for liquid and vessel should be taken into account
What is the main purpose of visual task analysis in clinician participation?
A) To assess the patient’s ability to follow verbal instructions
B) To identify and model each individual step of the task
C) To evaluate the patient’s physical posture
D) To determine the correct placement of the pill
B) To identify and model each individual step of the task
Which of the following is NOT part of the modeling skills a clinician should demonstrate during the intervention?
A) The placement of the pill
B) Modeling proper posture
C) Modeling bravery and mastery
D) Modeling interest in pill
D) Modeling interest in pill
Pill Swallowing Intervention aligns with what model or theory?
Social Cognitive Theory - Bandura
What is an important factor to consider when planning interventions for pediatric treatment adherence?
A) Focusing on the child only
B) Making treatment regimens overly complex
C) Excluding the family from the process
D) Targeting adherence to a narrow age range
D) Targeting adherence to a narrow age range
Which of the following is a NOT a feature of successful interventions targeting pediatric treatment regimens?
A) Targeting adherence to a narrow age range
B) Including the family
C) Improving access to care
D) Focusing on medical procedures
D) Focusing on medical procedures
Which of the following is one of the areas where behavioral interventions are particularly effective?
A) Weight loss
B) Smoking cessation
C) Managing financial stress
D) Improving sleep patterns
B) Smoking cessation
How do psychological services impact the use of healthcare services?
A) They increase healthcare service usage by 20 to 30 percent
B) They reduce healthcare service usage by 20 to 30 percent
C) They have no impact on healthcare service usage
D) They increase the overall cost of healthcare
B) They reduce healthcare service usage by 20 to 30 percent
Behavioral interventions can be particularly effective in which of the following contexts?
A) Preventing childhood illnesses
B) Mitigating consequences of medical procedures
C) Improving physical strength
D) Enhancing cognitive abilities
B) Mitigating consequences of medical procedures
What is one of the benefits of behavioral interventions for individuals with chronic illnesses?
A) They facilitate weight loss
B) They help facilitate recovery for people with chronic illness
C) They reduce the need for family support
D) They increase the need for medication
B) They help facilitate recovery for people with chronic illness
What type of psychological intervention results in the greatest cost offset (money spent is saved or reduced the most under…)?
A) Non-specific intervention
B) Intervention with minimal follow-up
C) Structured intervention
D) Intervention focusing only on physical health
C) Structured intervention
When is the cost offset of psychological interventions greatest?
A) When delivered to outpatients
B) When delivered to medical inpatients
C) When the intervention is unstructured
D) When no intervention is provided
B) When delivered to medical inpatients
How is race currently viewed?
A) As a biological variable
B) As a social construct
C) As a genetic trait
D) As a cultural tradition
B) As a social construct
According to the APA (2002), what defines ethnicity?
A) The acceptance of group mores and practices of one’s culture of origin and a sense of belonging
B) A person’s physical characteristics
C) A person’s country of birth
D) The language spoken by an individual
A) The acceptance of group mores and practices of one’s culture of origin and a sense of belonging
What does culture consist of?
A) A person’s family history
B) Shared set of values, ideals, and beliefs
C) A specific language or dialect
D) Individual traits and behaviors
B) Shared set of values, ideals, and beliefs
What is the biological variable that includes anatomy, physiology, genetics and hormones?
Sex
What is the social and cultural variable that includes identity, roles, norms, relations and power?
Gender
How is culture learned or transmitted?
A) Through genetic inheritance
B) Through formal education only
C) Through interaction with others
D) Through personal preferences
C) Through interaction with others
Who originally coined the term “intersectionality”?
A) Gloria Steinem
B) Kimberlé Crenshaw
C) Maya Angelou
D) Audre Lorde
B) Kimberlé Crenshaw
What was the original purpose of the concept of intersectionality?
A) To explain how race interacts with gender and other factors to produce barriers for Black women
B) To explain how different identity factors create a more privileged experience
C) To study the effects of socio-economic status on race
D) To explore the history of civil rights movements
A) To explain how race interacts with gender and other factors to produce barriers for Black women
How is intersectionality understood today?
A) As a way to only understand racial discrimination
B) As a framework for understanding how different aspects of identity combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege
C) As a framework solely focused on gender equality
D) As a concept focusing on individual characteristics without considering the interaction between them
B) As a framework for understanding how different aspects of identity combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege
What does intersectionality recognize about identity categories?
A) They never overlap and must be considered separately
B) They are irrelevant to a person’s overall experience
C) They only affect social interactions in certain contexts
D) They can intersect and co-exist in a way that creates a unique experience compared to any of the individual characteristics involved
D) They can intersect and co-exist in a way that creates a unique experience compared to any of the individual characteristics involved
What is a health disparity?
A) A health difference that benefits disadvantaged populations
B) A health difference that adversely affects disadvantaged populations in comparison to a reference population, based on one or more health outcomes
C) A health difference that only affects wealthy populations
D) A health outcome that is equal across all populations
B) A health difference that adversely affects disadvantaged populations in comparison to a reference population, based on one or more health outcomes
Which of the following groups are considered to have health disparities?
A) Wealthy individuals
B) Racial and ethnic minority groups
C) People with high education and income
D) Homogeneous urban populations
B) Racial and ethnic minority groups
What is included in the definition of lower socioeconomic status (SES)?
A) Only education
B) Only work status
C) A combination of education, income, and work status
D) Only income
C) A combination of education, income, and work status
Which group is included in the populations with health disparities according to the NIH?
A) People with chronic diseases
B) Underserved rural communities
C) Urban populations
B) Underserved rural communities
Which of the following groups is included in (SGM) group with health disparities?
A) Heterosexual populations
B) Sexual and gender minority groups
C) People with disabilities
D) People from high-income households
B) Sexual and gender minority groups
Who is NOT included in the NIH health disparities group?
a) Racial and ethnic minority groups
b) People with lower socioeconomic status
c) Underserved rural communities
d) Sexual and gender minority (SGM) groups
e) People with disabilities
f) Urban communities
f) Urban communities
Which of the following is a health disparity outcome?
A) Lower incidence of disease in specific populations
B) Higher incidence and/or prevalence of disease, including earlier onset or more aggressive progression
C) Better health behaviors and clinical outcomes
D) Lower global burden of disease
B) Higher incidence and/or prevalence of disease, including earlier onset or more aggressive progression
Health disparities are often linked to:
A) Better clinical outcomes in disadvantaged populations
B) Poorer health behaviors and clinical outcomes in specific groups
C) Equal outcomes in clinical and self-report measures
D) Health improvements in specific socioeconomic groups
B) Poorer health behaviors and clinical outcomes in specific groups
What is a common outcome of health disparities related to mortality?
A) Premature or excessive mortality from specific health conditions
B) Reduced rates of illness in disadvantaged populations
C) Increased recovery rates from chronic diseases
D) Equal rates of mortality across all groups
A) Premature or excessive mortality from specific health conditions
Health disparities can result in worse outcomes on self-report measures related to:
A) Global disease control
B) Daily functioning or symptoms from specific conditions (e.g., pain, insomnia)
C) Immunization rates
D) Access to healthcare services
B) Daily functioning or symptoms from specific conditions (e.g., pain, insomnia)
T or F: Women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with depression
True
T or F: Men and Women have heart attacks at similar rates, but men are more likely to die as a result.
False. Women are more likely to die.
T or F : Women make up 78% of patients with autoimmune diseases.
True.
T or F. Women are more likely to have chronic pain then men, but women are less likely to receive treatment.
True sadly.
What is the average life expectancy for First Nations in British Columbia in 2021?
A) 82.5 years
B) 67.2 years
C) 74.8 years
D) 78.9 years
B) 67.2 years
According to a 2024 StatsCan survey, what proportion of Indigenous respondents reported experiencing discrimination or racism in healthcare?
A) 1 in 10
B) 1 in 5
C) 1 in 2
D) 1 in 3
B) 1 in 5
What percentage of physicians in Canada are Indigenous, even though they make up more than 4.5% of the Canadian population?
A) 5%
B) 1%
C) <1%
D) 2%
C) <1%
What does structural racism and discrimination refer to?
A) Individual acts of prejudice based on race
B) Macro-level conditions that limit opportunities and resources for certain groups
C) Personal biases that affect daily interactions
D) Laws that promote racial equality
B) Macro-level conditions that limit opportunities and resources for certain groups
Structural racism and discrimination can limit opportunities based on all of the following statuses EXCEPT:
A) Gender
B) Disability status
C) Educational background
D) Sexual orientation
E) Social class or SES
F) Immigration status
G) Limited English Proficiency
C) Educational background
Which of the following is an example of a status that structural racism and discrimination may affect?
A) Religion
B) Physical fitness
C) Personality traits
D) Hair color
A) Religion
What is the principle underlying health equity?
A) Ensuring all individuals have the same health outcomes
B) Ensuring all individuals or populations have optimal opportunities to attain the best health possible
C) Focusing only on the health of the wealthiest individuals
D) Removing all healthcare systems to focus on individual health
B) Ensuring all individuals or populations have optimal opportunities to attain the best health possible
What is required to apply the principle of health equity?
A) Removing healthcare resources from populations that are doing well
B) Removing barriers to promoting good health and allocating resources based on need
C) Providing equal resources to all populations, regardless of need
D) Focusing only on physical health, not mental health
B) Removing barriers to promoting good health and allocating resources based on need
Health equity involves the allocation of resources:
A) Based on wealth and income
B) Based on need, ensuring proportional distribution among populations and communities
C) Equally, regardless of specific needs
D) Only to high-risk populations
B) Based on need, ensuring proportional distribution among populations and communities
What does health equity aim to remove in order to promote good health?
A) Barriers to access to healthcare
B) Healthcare professionals
C) Health disparities related to wealth
D) All available health resources
A) Barriers to access to healthcare
The goal of health equity is to:
A) Provide the same health opportunities to all populations, regardless of their specific needs
B) Ensure that everyone has access to the same level of healthcare services
C) Guarantee that all individuals have optimal opportunities to achieve the best health possible
D) Limit healthcare access to only those who can afford it
C) Guarantee that all individuals have optimal opportunities to achieve the best health possible
Who created Joyce’s Principle?
A) The Inuit Nation
B) The Atikamekw Nation
C) The Cree Nation
D) The Mohawk Nation
B) The Atikamekw Nation
What is the main goal of Joyce’s Principle?
A) To ensure that all Indigenous peoples have the right to access the same health services as non-Indigenous populations
B) To guarantee Indigenous Peoples equitable access to all social and health services without discrimination
C) To limit the use of health services for Indigenous Peoples
D) To provide special health services only for Indigenous leaders
B) To guarantee Indigenous Peoples equitable access to all social and health services without discrimination
Who developed Hofstede’s Value Dimensions of Culture?
A) Carl Jung
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Geert Hofstede
D) Abraham Maslow
C) Geert Hofstede
What was the primary focus of Hofstede’s pioneering study on cultural values?
A) To study economic differences across cultures
B) To analyze workplace values and how they are influenced by culture
C) To examine the effects of education on culture
D) To explore family structures across different cultures
B) To analyze workplace values and how they are influenced by culture
What does the “individualism–collectivism” dimension refer to?
A) The economic disparity between individuals in a society
B) The degree to which people in a society act individually versus as part of a group
C) The level of government control over individual rights
D) The structure of family units in a society
B) The degree to which people in a society act individually versus as part of a group
The “masculinity–femininity” dimension in Hofstede’s model deals with:
A) The age gap in workplaces
B) The degree of assertiveness and monetary acquisition versus cooperation and friendly environments
C) The importance of religion in society
D) The level of freedom of speech in a country
B) The degree of assertiveness and monetary acquisition versus cooperation and friendly environments
What criticism has been raised about Hofstede’s work?
A) It overemphasizes the importance of religion in culture
B) It assumes cultures are homogenous within a nation
C) It focuses too much on individualism in Eastern cultures
D) It neglects the impact of historical events on culture
B) It assumes cultures are homogenous within a nation
According to the biopsychosocial formulation, which factors are interconnected with biological processes?
A) Only psychological factors
B) Only social factors
C) Psychological and social experiences and behaviors
D) Economic resources only
C) Psychological and social experiences and behaviors
Why is culture and ethnicity important in a biopsychosocial model of health?
A) Because it directly affects only psychological processes
B) Because it impacts biological health outcomes directly
C) Because it contributes to the causation, prevention, and management of illness
D) Because it has no impact on health
C) Because it contributes to the causation, prevention, and management of illness
In what way can cancer education become more responsive to culture, according to Marshall et al. (2011)?
A) By offering online education exclusively
B) By considering factors such as language, transportation, finances, flexible care provision, and family-friendly settings
C) By providing uniform care without consideration for cultural differences
D) By focusing only on biological aspects of cancer
B) By considering factors such as language, transportation, finances, flexible care provision, and family-friendly settings
According to the health beliefs model of social cognition, what is the relationship between health behaviors and beliefs?
A) Health behaviors are entirely determined by biological factors
B) Health behaviors are influenced by the value people place on being healthy and their expectations about the effectiveness of their actions
C) Health behaviors are independent of cultural influences
D) Health behaviors are determined solely by environmental factors
B) Health behaviors are influenced by the value people place on being healthy and their expectations about the effectiveness of their actions
What is a key difference between Western medicine and Native American medicine, as described in the text?
A) Native American medicine focuses on curing diseases with pharmaceutical drugs
B) Western medicine is more holistic and includes rituals
C) Native American medicine emphasizes restoring well-being and harmony, often involving the spirit world
D) Western medicine focuses on healing without using medical treatments
C) Native American medicine emphasizes restoring well-being and harmony, often involving the spirit world
What is one example of a mind-body practice adapted from non-Western medicine?
A) Psychotherapy
B) Yoga
C) Hypnosis
D) Behavioral therapy
B) Yoga
What is the life expectancy gap between Indigenous men living off reserve and the general Canadian population?
A) 6 years
B) 4 years
C) 8 years
D) 9 years
A) 6 years
What is a significant health indicator that shows disparity among Indigenous populations in Canada, particularly among First Nations and Inuit peoples?
A) Obesity rates
B) Diabetes prevalence
C) Infant mortality rates
D) Smoking rates
C) Infant mortality rates
Which of the following chronic health conditions is especially problematic among Indigenous populations in Canada?
A) Asthma
B) Cancer
C) Diabetes
D) HIV/AIDS
C) Diabetes
What is one key cardiovascular health disparity among African-American men and women in the United States?
A) Lower risk of stroke
B) Higher obesity rates
C) Higher cardiovascular disease mortality
D) Lower hypertension rates
C) Higher cardiovascular disease mortality
Which group in the United States has the highest rates of premature death from cardiovascular disease and stroke?
A) Hispanic Americans
B) Native Americans
C) African Americans
D) Asian Americans
C) African Americans
