Pain medications and Definitions

Question 1

What is the endogenous ligand for the mu receptor?

Answer 1

B-endorphins

Question 2

What is the endogenous ligand for the kappa receptor?

Answer 2

Leucine and Methionine-Enkephalin

Question 3

What is the endogenous ligand for the delta receptor?

Answer 3

Dynorphin-A

Question 4

Morphine

Answer 4

MOA: full mu agonist, kappa agonist at high doses
SE: nausea, vomiting, defecation after administration, constipation, histamine release (IV)

Question 5

Hydromorphone

Answer 5

MOA: full mu agonist
SE: hyperthermia (cats), panting, constipation

Question 6

Methadone

Answer 6

MOA: full mu agonist, NMDA antagonist
SE: Ileus, constipation

Question 7

Fentanyl

Answer 7

MOA: full mu agonist
SE: Ileus, constipation, urinary retention

Question 8

Buprenorphine

Answer 8

MOA: Partial mu agonist
SE: Sedation, hyperthermia (Cats)

Question 9

Butorphanol

Answer 9

MOA: Partial mu agonist / antagonist; kappa agonist
SE: Poor analgesic, better sedation

Question 10

Ketamine

Answer 10

MOA: NMDA antagonist
SE: increased cardiac output due to increased sympathetic tone, hypertension, increased IOP

Question 11

Dexmedetomidine

Answer 11

MOA: a2-adrenergic agonist
SE: cardiovascular depression, emesis

Question 12

Lidocaine

Answer 12

MOA: NMDA antagonist. Effects of Na, K, and Ca channels (theoretical IV analgesic effects)
SE: Cardiotoxic in cats

Question 13

Maropitant

Answer 13

MOA: NK1 antagonist; reduced binding of substance P
SE: painful injection

Question 14

Amantadine

Answer 14

MOA: NMDA antagonist
SE: CNS stimulation, better for chronic pain than acute

Question 15

Pregabalin

Answer 15

MOA: Inhibition of N+ type voltage-dependent Ca++ channel
SE: sedation

Question 16

Gabapentin

Answer 16

MOA: Inhibition of N+ type voltage-dependent Ca++ channel
SE: sedation

Question 17

Tramadol

Answer 17

MOA: Full mu agonist
SE: sedation, constipation

Question 18

NSAIDs

Answer 18

MOA: COX inhibitors
SE: GI ulceration, renal injury

Question 19

Transient pain in response to a noxious stimulus. Small aches and pains that are relatively innocuous and that protect the body from the environment.

Answer 19

Adaptive pain (nociceptive)

Question 19

Spontaneous pain and hypersensitivity to pain in response to tissue damage and inflammation. Occurs with tissue trauma, injury, and surgery. Causes suffering. Responds well to treatment.

Answer 19

Adaptive pain (inflammatory)

Question 20

Pain caused by a stimulus that does not normally result in pain.

Answer 20

Allodynia

Question 21

Absence of pain in response to stimulation that would normally be painful.

Answer 21

Analgesia

Question 22

Medically induced insensitivity to pain. The procedure may render the patient unconscious or numb a body part.

Answer 22

Anesthesia

Question 23

A syndrome of sustained burning pain, allodynia, and hyperpathia after a traumatic nerve lesion, often combined with vasomotor and sudomotor dysfunction and later trophic changes.

Answer 23

Causalgia

Question 24

Acute anxiety or pain

Answer 24

Distress

Question 25

A state of anxiety or restlessness, often accompanied by vocalization

Answer 25

Dysphoria

Question 26

An increased response to a stimulus that is normally painful

Answer 26

Hyperalgesia

Question 27

Diminished pain in response to a normally painful stimulus

Answer 27

Hypoalgesia

Question 28

Increased sensitivity to stimulation, excluding the special senses

Answer 28

Hyperesthesia

Question 29

Painful syndrome characterized by an abnormally painful reaction to a stimulus and an increased threshold

Answer 29

Hyperpathia

Question 30

Hypersensitivity to pain resulting from abnormal processing of normal input

Answer 30

Maladaptive pain (functional)

Question 31

Pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the CNS. Often called "central pain"

Answer 31

Maladaptive pain (central)

Question 32

Spontaneous pain and hypersensitivity to pain in association with damage to or a lesion in the nervous system

Answer 32

Maladaptive pain (neuropathic)

Question 33

Use of more than one drug with different actions to produce optimal analgesia

Answer 33

Multimodal analgesia

Question 34

Pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion, dysfunction or transitory perturbation in the PNS or CNS

Answer 34

Neurogenic pain

Question 35

Pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the PNS or CNS

Answer 35

Neuropathic pain

Question 36

A receptor preferentially sensitive to noxious stimulus or a stimulus that would become noxious if prolonged

Answer 36

Nociceptor

Question 37

Physiologic component of pain consisting of the processes of transduction, transmission, and modulation of neural signals generated in response to an external noxious stimulus

Answer 37

Nociception

Question 38

A stimulus damaging to normal tissues

Answer 38

Noxious stimulus

Question 39

An abnormal sensation, whether spontaneous or evoked

Answer 39

Paresthesia

Question 40

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Answer 40

Pain

Question 41

Administration of an analgesic before pain stimulation

Answer 41

Preemptive analgesia

Question 42

Heightened sensitivity that results in altered pain thresholds both peripherally and centrally

Answer 42

Wind-up pain