Pain management Flashcards
What is physical dependence?
A. becoming dependent on drugs, alcohol, or medications
What is tolerance?
when the brain no longer responds to a drug or medication. The body adapts to the continued presence of the drug.
What is addiction?
Taking a substance when it’s no longer needed.
What is pseudoaddiction?
pain undertreated making people seek for drugs.
What is breakthrough pain?
Severe pain after being medicated w/ long-acting medication.
What type of pain?
Described as aching or throbbing.
The patient may be restless or agitated.
controlled with analgesics
Acute pain
What types of pain is caused by:
burns, bone fractures, muscle strains, pneumonia, sickle cell crisis, angina, herpes zoster, inflammation, and infection.
Acute pain
What type of pain?
Associated with conditions such as:
Arthritis and chronic pain.
Chronic pain
What type of pain?
Dull, constant, shooting, tingling, or burning
chronic pain
How can chronic pain be treated?
Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions
What are the different classifications of pain?
Acute pain
chronic pain
Intermittent pain
intractable pain
referred pain
radiating pain
What is acute pain?
pain that last less than 6 months
What is chronic pain?
Pain that last more than 6 months
What is intractable pain?
pain that cannot be relieved
What is intermittent pain?
pain that comes and goes in intervals.
What is referred pain?
Pain that is felt other place than where the pain was produced.
what is radiating pain?
pain that begins at a specific site ad shoots out from or extends to a larger area beyond the site of origin.
What type of pain involves in injury to the tissue in which receptors call nociceptors are located.
Found in skin, joints, or organ viscera.
Nociceptive pain
What are the four phases of nociceptive pain ?
Transduction
transmission
perception
modulation
what is NSAID ?
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug -
Medication class that helps to reduce inflammation and pain by preventing the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, serotonin, prostaglandin and luekotrienes
Ex: ibuprofen
Naproxen
Aspirin
opioids block what?
transmission
Distraction and guided imagery blocks what?
Perception
Drugs that block neurotransmitter uptake work on ?
modulation
What type of pain is this?
Associated with dysfunction of the nervous system- nerve compression.
Pain receptors in the body become more sensitive to stimuli and send signals more easily.
Nueuropathic pain
What type of pain often associates with DM, lymphedema, cancer/tumors, spinal fx/ and HIV.
nueropathic pain
What type of pain is treated with NSAID, tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, or corticosteroids?
Neuropathic pain
What type of pain?
Occurs with the loss of the body part from amputation.
not controlled by conventional methods.
May be treated with tens units implanted in the thalamus
Phantom pain
What is the P for PQRST?
Provoking (why or where)
What is the Q for PQRST?
Describe the pain
What is the R for PQRST?
Is the pain moving?
What is the S for PQRST?
Pain scale, rate pain
what is the T for PQRST?
How long those the pain lasts, is there anything that makes it better.
What do we need to assess prior to giving an opioid pain medication?
Level of pain
site of pain
characteristic of pain
pain is acute or chronic
what triggers the pain
How does the patient want to treat pain?
What kind of pain do we use antidepressant medication for?
Chronic pain and neuropathic pain
When do we use Narcan?
To treat known or suspected opioid overdose.
What Narcan is a reversal for?
opioid overdose
When do we use Romazicon?
To help wake up body after surgery or medical procedure.
What is romazicon reversal for?
Benzodiazepine
How are we going to assess based on the patient nonverbal signs?
Moaning
crying
irritability
grimacing
frowning
rigid posture in bed
What do we teach patients regarding the side effects of opioids, including constipation?
Opiods are highly addictive,
the patient may experience sedation, constipation, dry mouth, tolerance, confusion, nausea, dizziness, or itching from using the drug.
What are the nursing priorities with pain?
Obtain patient vital signs
Level of pain
site of pain
characteristic of pain
pain is acute or chronic
what triggers the pain
How does the patient want to treat pain?
What type of therapy is this?
vasodilation
vessel lumen
permeable
interstitial spaces
Heat therapy
What is the indication for heat therapy?
Relaxation of muscle spasm
pain relief
support of the healing process
reduction of edema
elevation of the body temperature
What are methods of heat applications?
Commercial heat packs
heating pads
warming blankets
hot compresses
socks
whirlpooth baths
What are you going to asses during heat therapy?
Skin temperature, color, cold sensation, edema. and integrity.
check temperature of device before apply to skin
reassess skin after removal pf heat source.
What type of therapy is this?
Vasocontrictions
Ischemia
Cold therapy
What are the indications for cold therapy?
Prevention of edema
control or stoppage of bleeding
pain relief
numbing sensation
reduction of muscle spas,
reduction of fever/
What are the methods of cold application?
Refreezable commercial cold packs
chemical cold packs
cold compresses
tepid baths
What are you going to assess during cold therapy?
Integrity, sensation, temperature, and color of the skin.
Don’t leave cold packs longer than 20 to 30 minutes
Monitor skin after removal of cold therapy.
What is the gate control theory?
the theory supports that the transmission of pain impulses to the central nervous system is controlled by a gate that opens and closes in response to sensory input.
What are the behavioral signs of chronic pain?
impaired mobility
sleep disturbance
withdrawal from family and friends.
What are the psychological signs of acute pain?
Reduced attention span
focused only on pain
anger
fever or anxiety
irritability
What are the psychological signs of chronic pain?
low-self esteem
depression
fatigue
anger
irritability
What are the behavioral signs of acute pain?
Wincing or facial grimacing
moaning crying
restlessness
slow movement
rigid body posture
What are physiological signs of acute pain?
Diminish healing,
heart rate increase
pupils dilate
SBP increases
as it worsens: decrease of blood pressure and constriction of pupils
What are the physiological signs of Chronic pain?
onset longer than 6 months ago
pupils may constrict
vital signs may not change
