Pain assessment Flashcards
1
Q
Noxious stimulus definition
A
- A stimulus that is damaging or threatens damage to normal tissues
2
Q
Nociception definition
A
- The neural process of encoding noxious stimuli
- Nociceptive pain (pain from activation of nociceptors)
3
Q
Central sensitisation definition
A
- Increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the central nervous system to their normal or subthreshold afferent input
4
Q
Somatic pain definition
A
- Pain experienced from skin, muscle, bone damage/disease
5
Q
Visceral pain definition
A
- Pain experienced because of organ pain (abdominal or thoracic)
6
Q
Neuropathic pain definition
A
- Pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system (in contrast to nociceptive pain)
7
Q
Wind up definition
A
- Wind-up is a frequency-dependent increase in the excitability of spinal cord neurones, evoked by electrical stimulation of afferent C-fibres
8
Q
Adverse effects of unrelieved pain on the neuroendocrine system
A
- hypoglycaemia,
- weight loss
- ↓wound healing
- impaired immune system
9
Q
Adverse effects of unrelieved pain on the cardiovascular system
A
- fatigue
- immobility
- weakness
10
Q
Adverse effects of unrelieved pain on the respiratory system
A
- ↓ lung volume leading to atelectasis and hypoxaemia
11
Q
Adverse effects of unrelieved pain on the GIT & urinary system
A
- ↓bowel motility leading to constipation
- anorexia
- ileus
- urinary retention
12
Q
Adverse effects of unrelieved pain on the MSK system
A
- ↓muscle function & spasm leading to weakness, immobility & fatigue
13
Q
Adverse psychological effects of unrelieved pain
A
- fear
- anxiety leading to poor sleep
- ↓coping
14
Q
CS of pain
A
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnoea
- Hypertension or hypotension
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Pale mucous membranes
- Hypersalivation
- Mydriasis (dilated pupils)
- Sweating trembling
- Poor body or coat condition
15
Q
Atelectasis defintion
A
- partial or complete collapse of the lung resulting in reduced or no gaseous exchange
16
Q
Pain scale used in dogs
A
- Glasgow Composite Pain Scale
17
Q
Pain scale used in cats
A
- Glasgow Feline Composite Measures Pain Scale
18
Q
CS of pain in cattle
A
- Decreased movement/locomotion
- Decreased interaction with other animals in the group
- Decreased feed intake (eg, ‘hollow’ left flank caused by an empty rumen)
- Changes relevant to the source of the pain being experienced (eg, altered locomotion, flank watching or kicking, or ear twitching)
- Level of mental activity/responsiveness (animals in severe pain often show reduced responsiveness to stimuli)
- Changes in normal postures associated with pain (eg, lateral recumbency, standing motionless or drooping of the ears)
- Easily measurable indicators of physiological stress (eg, increased heart rate, increased pupil size, altered rate and depth of respiration or trembling)
- Bruxism (tooth grinding)
- Poor coat condition (eg, rough, dusty or unkempt) caused by decreased grooming
19
Q
Examples of chronic pain scales
A
- Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI): OA & bone cancer pain
- Liverpool osteoarthritis în Dogs (LOAD e)
- Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (FMPI)
- Client specific outcome measures (CSOM) dog and cat versions
