PAIN Flashcards
________ is the response to noxious stimuli that are damaging or potentially damaging to normal tissues
Pain
What is pain?
is the response to noxious stimuli that are damaging or potentially damaging to normal tissues
Processes of pain perception
- Tr__duction
- Tran__ssion
- Pe__ption
- M___lation
- Transduction
- Transmission
- Perception
- Modulation
Processes of pain perception
- Transduction
- Transmission
- Perception
- Modulation
Structures in pain perception
- fo__brain (cerebral cortex- thalamus, hypothalamus )
- Mi__rain – periaqueductal grey matter, reticular formation, locus coeruleus
- M__ulla oblongata - nucleus reticularis, gigantocellularis, rucleus raphe
- S__al cord (Dorsal root ganglion and horn, Nerve fibres, C- fibres, delta- fibres)
- forebrain
- Midbrain
- Medulla oblongata
- Spinal cord
Structures in pain perception
- forebrain (cerebral cortex- thalamus, hypothalamus )
- Midbrain – periaqueductal grey matter, reticular formation, locus coeruleus
- Medulla - nucleus reticularis, gigantocellularis, rucleus raphe
- Spinal cord (Dorsal root ganglion and horn, Nerve fibres, C- fibres, delta- fibres)
Pain process
It involves a complicated ______ of ph___cochemical reactions leading to the perception of an ________ sensation from actual or potential tissue damage
myriad, physicochemical, unpleasant, tissue
what is Pain process
It involves a complicated myriad of physicochemical reactions leading to the perception of an unpleasant sensation from actual or potential tissue damage
Mechanisms of Pain
- _________ pain- arises from tissue damage
- _________ pain- damage to the neural pathway of pain
- ___________ pain
- Nociceptive pain
- Neuropathic pain
- Hypersentivity pain
Mechanisms of Pain are
- Nociceptive pain- arises from tissue damage
- Neuropathic pain- damage to the neural pathway of pain
- Hypersentivity pain
what mechanism of pain arises from tissue damage?
Nociceptive pain
what mechanism of pain arise from damage to the neural pathway of pain?
Neuropathic pain
what is the Function of Pain?
To alert the body to potential damage
Noxious Stimuli of pain include:
- Chemical
- Thermal
- Mechanical
The _____ must reach the threshold for tissue damage in order to cause pain
stimuli
The stimuli must reach the threshold for tissue damage in order to cause pain
TRUE OR FALSE
The stimuli must reach the threshold for tissue damage in order to cause pain
Types of pain
- ______ pain (sudden in onset and sharp)
- _______ pain (lasts longer period of time)
- ________ pain (happens in between regular scheduled analgesics or changes of posture)
- ____ pain (due mainly to cancer and ischaemic diseases)
- _________ pain (arise from organ or tissue damage)
- _____ pain (follows damages to nerves)
- ________ pain (pain located at a part of the body is felt elsewhere)
- ________ pain - pain felt in a part of the body that has been removed eg amputation
- _____ pain- includes emotional, social and spiritual factors that affect a persons perception of pain
- __________ pain - affected by psychological factors, often times have physical origin (tissue or nerve damage) but the pain is increased in intensity or prolonged by fear, stress, anxiety or depression
- Acute pain
- chronic
- Breakthrough
- Bone
- Soft Tissue
- Nerve
- Referred
- Phantom
- Total
- Psychogenic
Types of pain
- Acute pain (sudden in onset and sharp)
- Chronic pain (lasts longer period of time)
- Breakthrough pain (happens in between regular scheduled analgesics or changes of posture)
- Bone pain (due mainly to cancer and ischaemic diseases)
- Soft Tissue pain (arise from organ or tissue damage)
- Nerve pain (follows damages to nerves)
- Referred pain (pain located at a part of the body is felt elsewhere)
- Phantom pain - pain felt in a part of the body that has been removed eg amputation
- Total pain- includes emotional, social and spiritual factors that affect a persons perception of pain
- Psychogenic pain - affected by psychological factors, often times have physical origin (tissue or nerve damage) but the pain is increased in intensity or prolonged by fear, stress, anxiety or depression
what type of pain is sudden in onset and sharp
Acute pain
what type of pain lasts longer period of time
Chronic pain
what type of pain happens in between regular scheduled analgesics or changes of posture
Breakthrough pain
what type of pain is due mainly to cancer and ischaemic diseases
Bone pain
arise from organ or tissue damage
Soft Tissue pain
what type of pain follows damages to nerves
Nerve pain
what type of pain located at a part of the body is felt elsewhere
Referred pain
what type of pain felt in a part of the body that has been removed eg amputation
Phantom pain
what type of pain includes emotional, social and spiritual factors that affect a persons perception of pain
Total pain
what type of pain affected by psychological factors, often times have physical origin (tissue or nerve damage) but the pain is increased in intensity or prolonged by fear, stress, anxiety or depression
Psychogenic pain
Pain measurement
\_\_\_\_ are excruciating and unbearable \_\_ – Very intense \_\_ – very distressing \_\_ - Tolerable \_\_– Very mild
8- 10 are excruciating and unbearable 7 – Very intense 5 – very distressing 3 - Tolerable 1 – Very mild
__________ is the set point peculiar to each individual for the perception of a stimulus as pain
Pain threshold
What is Pain threshold?
is the set point peculiar to each individual for the perception of a stimulus as pain
__________ are Sensory neurons that respond to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli
Transduce noxious stimuli into receptor potentials which initiate action potentials in the nerve fibres
Transmit signals to spinal cord and brain
Found in the skin, muscle, joints, bone and viscera
Nociceptors
what are Nociceptors
are Sensory neurons that respond to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli
Transduce noxious stimuli into receptor potentials which initiate action potentials in the nerve fibres
Transmit signals to spinal cord and brain
Found in the skin, muscle, joints, bone and viscera
Types of Nociceptors
- Me____sensitive
- Mech___thermal
- Pol__odal – specifically associated with C fibres
- Mechanosensitive
- Mechanothermal
- Polymodal – specifically associated with C fibres
Types of Nociceptors
- Mechanosensitive
- Mechanothermal
- Polymodal – specifically associated with C fibres
Mechanoreceptors involves:
- Me__le disc
- M___sners corpuscle
- Pa__ian corpuscle
- Ruf__fini corpuscle
- Merkle disc
- Meissners corpuscle
- Pacinian corpuscle
- Ruffini endings corpuscle
Mechanoreceptors involves:
- Merkle disc
- Meissners corpuscle
- Pacinian corpuscle
- Ruffini endings corpuscle
On mechanoreceptors
which mechanoreceptor is unencapsulated but has specialised disc ending and responds to light touch in skin
Merkle’s disc
On mechanoreceptors
which mechanoreceptor light touch and vibration sense
Meissner’s corpuscle
On mechanoreceptors
which mechanoreceptor respond to vibration sense and pressure in skin (mainly transient sensation)
Pacinian corpuscle
On mechanoreceptors
which mechanoreceptor respond to stretching of skin, sustained pressure on skin and heat perception
Ruffini endings or corpuscle
On mechanoreceptors
what is Merkle’s disc?
unencapsulated but has specialised disc ending and responds to light touch in skin
On mechanoreceptors
what is Meissner’s corpuscle
light touch and vibration sense
On mechanoreceptors
what is Pacinian corpuscle
respond to vibration sense and pressure in skin (mainly transient sensation)
On mechanoreceptors
what is Ruffini endings or corpuscle
respond to stretching of skin, sustained pressure on skin and heat perception
Visceral pain
The viscera are : - 1. insensitive to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Sensitive to 2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- Touching
Cutting
Pinching - pain
Visceral stimulants include,
3.
- distention,
- excessive contraction,
- irritation by toxins and chemicals
Transmission of visceral pain
- Afferent fibres in the sympathetic nervous system from the ________ and _________ cavities
- Afferent fibres in the parasympathetic nervous system from the______ area
- Organic sensations like hunger, satiety, sense of fullness, nausea are mediated by the _______ nerve
- thoracic and abdominal cavities
- sacral area
- vagus nerve
Transmission of visceral pain
- Afferent fibres in the sympathetic nervous system from the thoracic and abdominal cavities
- Afferent fibres in the parasympathetic nervous system from the sacral area
- Organic sensations like hunger, satiety, sense of fullness, nausea are mediated by the vagus nerve
Referred pain
Pain from a viscus may appear as if arising in a part of the body innervated by the same segment
Proximity of nerve fibres occurs in the posterior horn of the spinal cord or the thalamus
________ _____ is a Pain initiated by stimulation of nociceptors in the ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels fasciae and muscles
Deep pain
______ pain is dull, aching and poorly localised
Examples are seen in sprain and broken bone
Deep pain
