CEREBELLUM and BASAL GANGLIA Flashcards
Voluntary movements require coordination between the __________, _________, ___________
cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and the basal ganglia.
The control of voluntary movement can be divided into three steps:
(1) decision making and planning
(2) initiating the movement, and
(3) executing the movement
The control of voluntary movement can be divided into three steps:
(1) decision _________ and ________
(2) _________ the movement, and
(3) _________ the movement
- making and planning
- initiating
- executing
___________ is a group of nuclei or a group of subcortical located deep within the cerebral hemisphere or deep within the white matter of the brain.
They are part of the extrapyramidal motor system, (principally involved in control of posture and movements)
and work together with the pyramidal andlimbic systems.
Basal ganglia
What is the basal ganglia?
basal ganglia is a group of nuclei or a group of subcortical located deep within the cerebral hemisphere or deep within the white matter of the brain.
They are part of the extrapyramidal motor system, (principally involved in control of posture and movements)
and work together with the pyramidal andlimbic systems.
Basal Ganglia consist of
- the ca__te nucleus,
- the sub__alamic nucleus
- the gl__us pallidus,
- the pu___men,
- the sub__ancia nigra
- caudate
- subthalamic
- globus
- putamen
- substancia
Basal Ganglia consist of
- the caudate nucleus,
- the subthalamic nucleus
- the globus pallidus,
- the putamen,
- the substancia nigra
The caudate and putamen together are called the _______,
striatum
The caudate nucleus and putamen together are called the striatum, which is the target of the _______ input to the basal ganglia.
cortical
The ________ ________ is the source of the output to the thalamus
globus pallidus
Putamen and globus pallidus are called the _________ nucleus.
lentiform nucleus.
Striatum consists of the_____________ and ____________
caudate nucleus and putamen
Globus pallidus, consists of an _______ segment (GPi) and an _________segment (GPe)
internal, external
Thefunctionof the basal ganglia is to _________________________
Fine-tune the voluntarymovements.
Functions of the Basal Ganglia is to fine-tune the voluntarymovements. They do so by:
- receiving the impulses for the upcoming movement from the________ ________, which they process and adjust.
- They convey their instructions to the________ , which then relays this information back to the _______.
- Ultimately, the fine-tuned movement instruction is sent to the_________ muscles through the tracts of the _________ motor system.
- cerebral cortex
- thalamus, cortex
- skeletal muscles, pyramidal motor system
Functions of the Basal Ganglia is to fine-tune the voluntarymovements. They do so by:
- receiving the impulses for the upcoming movement from thecerebral cortex, which they process and adjust.
- They convey their instructions to thethalamus, which then relays this information back to the cortex.
- Ultimately, the fine-tuned movement instruction is sent to theskeletal musclesthrough the tracts of the pyramidal motor system.
Aside from to fine-tune the voluntarymovements
Other Functions of the Basal Ganglia include:
- _________ and _________ of movement
- m__ory,
- ___movements,
- ______ processing,
- mo___ation.
- planning and modulation
- memory
- eye
- reward
- motivation
Aside from to fine-tune the voluntarymovements
Other Functions of the Basal Ganglia include:
- planning and modulation of movement
- memory,
- eyemovements,
- reward processing,
- motivation.
The ___________ are one of the components in the neural chain that controls the voluntary motor activity. The supreme component of this chain is the________________
basal ganglia, cerebral cortex
Connections of the Basal Ganglia…
- Despite being physically separated from each other, the basal ganglia are ______________ with manypathwaysmaking them a strong functional unity.
- Functionally, the basal ganglia are referred to as the_______________r system. They receive and process the inputs from wide areas of the _____________, after which they relay it back to the _____.
- The thalamus then forwards those refined inputs further across the brain, mainly back to the _______, and to the__________.
- interconnected
- extrapyramidal motor system, extrapyramidal motor, cerebral cortex, thalamus
- cortex, brainstem
Connections of the Basal Ganglia…
- Despite being physically separated from each other, the basal ganglia are interconnected with manypathwaysmaking them a strong functional unity.
- Functionally, the basal ganglia are referred to as theextrapyramidal motor system. They receive and process the inputs from wide areas of the cerebral cortex, after which they relay it back to the thalamus.
- The thalamus then forwards those refined inputs further across the brain, mainly back to the cortex, and to thebrainstem.
Basal Ganglia Disorders includes:
- _________s disease
- _________ disease
- Parkinsons disease
2. Huntingtons disease
Parkinson disease is named after the English doctor ______________
James Parkinson
In 1817 James Parkinson
described parkinsons disease as a chronic, slowly progressive disease of the nervous system characterized by a combination of_______, ________, _________
tremor, rigidity, and stooped posture.
______________ is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by abnormal movements (dyskinesia), hypokinesia (abnormally decreased muscular movement), speech difficulties and cognitive changes.
The signs and symptoms are associated with loss of neurons in the the substancia nigra of the basal ganglia that release the neurotransmitter dopamine
Parkinson’s Disease
What is Parkinson’s Disease?
is progressive neurological disorder characterized by abnormal movements (dyskinesia), hypokinesia hypokinesia (abnormally decreased muscular movement), speech difficulties and cognitive changes.
The signs and symptoms are associated with loss of neurons in the the substancia nigra of the basal ganglia that release the neurotransmitter dopamine
Signs and symptoms of Parkinsons disease include:
- _________ (abnormally decreased muscular movement).
- ________ (slowness of movement)
- ________ (difficulty in initiating willed movement)
- ________ or Increased muscle tone
- Stooped ________
- tr__ors
- hypokinesia
- bradykinesia
- akinesia
- Rigidity
- posture
- tremors
Signs and symptoms of Parkinsons disease include:
- hypokinesia (abnormally decreased muscular movement).
- bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
- akinesia (difficulty in initiating willed movement)
- Rigidity or Increased muscle tone
- Stooped posture
- tremors
One abnormal sign that most Parkinson patients have is _______ in the hands, legs and jaws, particularly at rest (unintentional tremor).
tremors
The central goal of most therapies for Parkinson’s disease is to enhance the levels of dopamine delivered to the __________ and _______
caudate nucleus and putamen.
The central goal of most therapies for Parkinson’s disease is?
to enhance the levels of dopamine delivered to the caudate nucleus and putamen.
The cause of Parkinson’s disease was not known, but scientist thought that it was due to a combination of environmental ________ and ________________.
Later some young drug users were diagnosed with Parkinsonism.
Their disease was traced to the use of homemade heroin containing a toxic contaminant that destroyed ____________ (dopamine secreting) neurons.
factors and genetic susceptibility,
dopaminergic
______________ is a hereditary, progressive, inevitable fatal syndrome characterized by dyskinesias (abnormal movements), hyperkinesia (an excess of movement) and dementia, impaired cognitive abilities and a disorder of personality.
In Huntington’s disease There is a loss of neurons in the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus.
Huntington’s disease
What is Huntington’s disease
is a hereditary, progressive, inevitable fatal syndrome characterized by dyskinesias (abnormal movements), hyperkinesia (an excess of movement) and dementia, impaired cognitive abilities and a disorder of personality.
In Huntington’s disease There is a loss of neurons in the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus.
The signs and symptoms of Huntington’s disease are associated with a loss of neurons in the __________, __________ and __________ ________
caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus.
The signs and symptoms of parkinsons disease are associated with loss of neurons in the the _______________ of the basal ganglia that release the neurotransmitter dopamine
substancia nigra
The ___________ plays an important role in coordinating movement. It receives sensory information and then influences descending motor pathways to produce fine, smooth, and coordinated motion
cerebellum
The cerebellum plays an important role in
coordinating movement. It receives sensory information and then influences descending motor pathways to produce fine, smooth, and coordinated motion
The cerebellum is divided into three general areas:
- ___________ (also called vestibulocerebellum)
- ___________ (also called spinocerebellum) and
- ____________ (also called the cerebrocerebellum).
- archicerebellum
- paleocerebellum
- neocerebellum
The __________ is primarily involved in controlling posture and balance, as well as the movement of the head and eyes.
archicerebellum
The archicerebellum is primarily involved in?
controlling posture and balance, as well as the movement of the head and eyes.
The __________ primarily controls movement of the proximal portions of the limbs.
paleocerebellum
The paleocerebellum primarily controls movement of the?
proximal portions of the limbs.
The __________ is the largest portion of the cerebellum, and it coordinates the movement of the distal portions of the limbs.
neocerebellum
The neocerebellum is the largest portion of the cerebellum, and it coordinates the movement of the ?
distal portions of the limbs.
The functions of the cerebellum?
- control center for______ function
- _______ of movement
- ________ of movement
- it is responsible for ______ ______ or motor learning.
- It also cooperates with higher centers to control _______
- regulates ______ tone.
- The cerebellum adjusts the rate, regularity, and force of _______ movements
- motor
- Planning
- Execution
- Motor adaptation
- attention
- muscle
- willed
The functions of the cerebellum?
- control center for motor function
- Planning of movement
- Execution of movement
- it is responsible for Motor adaptation or motor learning.
- It also cooperates with higher centers to control attention
- regulates muscle tone.
- The cerebellum adjusts the rate, regularity, and force of willed movement
Lesions of the median cerebellum lead to disturbances of:
- balance and _________ control
- trunk and gait _______ (uncoordinated and inaccurate contractions of muscles used in movement).
- balance and oculomotor control
2. trunk and gait ataxia (uncoordinated and inaccurate contractions of muscles used in movement).
Lesions of the lateral cerebellum lead to disturbances of:
- initiation, coordination and termination of goal-directed movement
- impair the rapid reprogramming of diametrically opposing movement.
- initiation, coordination and termination of goal-directed movement
- impair the rapid reprogramming of diametrically opposing movement.
Cerebellar examination
Incoordination (______) is the main feature of cerebellar dysfunction.
In addition, the ______ are loose and floppy
ataxia, muscles
Cerebellar examination
The incoordination of limb and trunk movements is called _____
The incoordinated speech is called _______
The oscillations eye movements are called _______
The floppiness of the extremities is called ________
ataxia
dysarthria.
nystagmus.
hypotonia.
