Pain Flashcards
causes of pain
oxygenation
perfusion
metabolism
tissue integrity
effect of pain
elimination nutrition sexuality motion sleep development
margo mccaffery
pain is subjective, unpleasant snesation that exists when the person is experiencing it says it exists, and whose quality and severity can only be determined by the person reporting it
myths about pain
- there are objective and universally applicable ways to confirm the existence of pain
- that people with a history of substance abuse exaggerate their pain to get more medications
- that pain occurs on a regular schedule when analgesics are due to be administered
acute pain
discomfort or physical distress signaling actualy or potential damage and characterized by an identifiable cause , a short duration, resolution with healing, and few long term emotional consequences
- hits hard not forever
addicition
refering to a drug addiction: a dependence phenomenon characterized by impaired control over drug use, compulisve use, continued use despite, and craving
adjuvant analgesia
drug primarily used to treat something other than pain but also enhances pain refief
alternative therapies
treatment approcaches, used to replace conventional treatments, which are not currently considered part of conventional western med
analgesia
absence of sensisitivty to pain
analgesic
substance used as a pain reliever; a drug that acts to reduce pain, including over the counter drugs such as aspirin as well as those available by prescription only
analgestic ceiling
dose of a particiular drug beyond which additional amount of the same drug do not increase the analgestic effect
breakthrough pain
flaring of moderate to severe pain despite therapeutic doses of analgesics
chronic pain
feelig of physical distress or discomfort that persists over a long period of time and does not always have an identifiable cause
complimentary therapies
treatment approachs used to complement conventional medical treatments
dermatone
area of skin supplied with afference nerve fibers from a single posterior spinal root
efficacy
abailty of a drug to achieve its desired effect
nociceptor
pheripheral sensory receptpr for pain stimulated by various types of tissue injury
narocitc
refer to opiods, controlled substances, illicit drugsm central nervous system depressants, strong analgestivs, and drugs capable of causing physical dependence
neuropathic pain
type of pain usually felt as buring or tingling and resulting from direct stimulation of nerve tissue of the peripheral central nervous system
nonsterodial anti infalmmatory drug (NSAID)
any of a group of drugs that reduce pain, fever, and swelling (inflammation), including aspirin
opioid
one of a group of analgesics that act on higher centers of the brain and spinal cord to modify percptions of moderate to severe pain
pain scale
assessment too used to rate the severity of pain
pain threshold
point at which a person feel pains
pain tolerance
level of pain a person is willing to endure
paratheisa
abnormal burning, prickling, tingling, or numbing senstation or hypersensitivity most often felt in the extremities and typically associated with neuropathic pain
physcial dependence
adaptive characterized by a drug call-specific withdrawl syndrome induced with abrupt cessation, rapid dose, or administration of an antagonist
progressive muscle relxation
systematic stepwise approach to releasing tension in major muscle groups
somatic pain
generally well-localized pain that results from activation of peripheral pain receptors without injury to peripheral nerve or central nervous system, such as muscuolskeltal pain
spinal anesthesia
the medication injected via a catheter into the space between the dura mater and the lining of the spinal canal to create a regional nerve block also called epidural anesthesia
titatration
process of gradually adjusting the dose of a medication until the desired effect is achieved
tolerance
an adaptive state characterized by a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response
transmission
spreading of the pain “message” across the various nerve fibers linking the pain impulse to the brain
visceral pain
results from activating the pain recports of organs in the thoracic cavity, pelvic, abdominal cavities and is felt as a generalized aching or cramping sensation sometimes referred to the surface of the body
stoic
dont want to report pain
tools for cultural influences on pain
- use pain assessment tools appropriate for a clients native language
- interpreting services
- sensitive to the meaning of pain
what is perception of pain influneces by
pt. previous experiences with pain and current physical and mental status and response
congintive factors on pain perception
- attention people give to the pian
- expectation or anticipation pf pain
- appraisal or expression of pain
cultural factors on pain perception
cultural influences may affect how pain is communicated
examination of cultural influences of pain
advoid sterotyping
examine your own culutural beliefs
explore any foke remedies
types of pain: acute pain
recent onset
results from tissue damage
usually self limiting and sends when tissue heals
may use physiological signs associated with pain
types of pain: chronic
may be intermittent or continuous pain lasting more than 6 months
clinical manifestations of chronic pain
not those of physiological stress because pateint adapts to pain, but often reports symptoms of irritability, depression, withdrawal or insomnia
types of pain: neuropathic pain
occurs because of abnormal processing of sensory input
types of pain: referred pain
pain felt in a location from the injury often visceral pain, as many adomincal organs have no pain receptors
phantom pain
pain felt in aputated extremity
be aware of cultural influeneces of pain
overt pain expression
stoicism
silecne
smiling
realted symptoms to pain
palpitations shortness of breath sweating rapid or irregular heartbeat nausea or vomiting
pqrst mnemonic
provoked quality region/radiation severity timming
provoked
what causes pain? what makes it better or worse
quality
what does it feel like? dull? sharp? stabbibg? burning? crushing?
region/radiation
where is the pian? is it always only in that spot or does it spread?
severity
what us the intensity of pian? (use a pain scale)
timming
when did it start? how often does it occur? how long does it last or is it continuous?
how does pian tolerance decrease
with repeated exposure to pain, fatigue, anger, boredom, and sleep depreivation
how does tolerance increase?
after alcohol consumption, medications, hyponsis, warmth, distracting activities, and strong faith- related beliefs
pain scales
- many developed
- helps ensure consistency among caregivers in determining the intensity of a pt. pain
- use right scale for age group
- ask pt. to rate pain
determning pain intensity
- not always safe to reley only on a #
- other aspects of communication about pain is crucial
pain scale meanings
0-1= no pain
1-3=mild pain
4-6= moderate pain
7-10= severe pain
alternative methods to pain relief
massage, mind-body medicine
lifestyle changes
age
older adults have a lifetime of experience in coping with pain, but pain is not an expected part of aging