musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

musculoskeletal system examination includes

A

muscles, joints, and range of motion

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2
Q

functions of bones include

A
  • support for soft tissue and organs
  • protection of organs- brain and spinal cord
  • continual remodeling and changing collagen and mineral composition to accommodate stress placed upon them
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3
Q

what are skeletal muscles composed of

A

muscle fibers attach to bones to facilitate movement

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4
Q

skeletal muscle

A

all under voluntary control
some move by reflex
muscles attach to bone, ligament, tendon or fascia

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5
Q

joints

A

where two or more bones come together, hold bones together while allowing movement

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6
Q

ligaments

A

strong, dense, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones together
- allows some movements while restrictng others

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7
Q

tendons

A

strong, nonelastic cords of collagen that attach muscles to bones
- support bone movement in response to skeletal muscle contractions

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8
Q

what do you assess when examining the musculoskeletal system

A

assess both its structure and function

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9
Q

what does assessment involve for the MS SYSTEM

A

joint, muscle, and the surrounding tissues bilaterally and comparing findings for symmetry

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10
Q

what techniques do you use assess the musculoskeletal system

A

insepction and palpation

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11
Q

equitment used

A

tape mesaure and drape or cover for privacy

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12
Q

gait

A

manner of style of walking

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13
Q

alignment

A

posotion of the joints, tendons, muscles, and ligaments, while sitting, standing, and lying

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14
Q

muscle tone

A

normal state of ballanced muscle tension allowing one to maintain positions (sitting or standing)

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15
Q

range of motion

A

maximum amount of movement of joint

- any involuntary movements

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16
Q

indications of inflammation

A

redness, swelling, warmth, tenderness, loss of function

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17
Q

expected range of motion of joint movement

A
flexion 
extension
hyperextension 
supination 
pronation 
abduction 
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
eversion
inversion 
external roation 
internal roation
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18
Q

flexion

A

movement that decreases the angle between two adjacent bones

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19
Q

extension

A

movement that increases the angle between two adjacent bones

20
Q

hyperextension

A

movement of a body part beyond its normal extended position

21
Q

supination

A

movement of a body part so the ventral front surface faces up

22
Q

pronation

A

movement of a body part so the ventral front surface faces down

23
Q

abduction

A

movement of an extremity away from the midline of the body

24
Q

dorsiflexion

A

flexing the foot and toes upward

25
Q

planatar flexion

A

bending the foot and toes downward

26
Q

eversion

A

turning a body part away from midline

27
Q

inversion

A

turning body part toward th emidline

28
Q

external rotation

A

roating joint outward

29
Q

internal rotation

A

rotating a joint inward

30
Q

ask if there is a history of…..

A

arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis
osteoarthritis
gout

31
Q

inspection of muscular system

A

inspect the musculoskeletal system, use side to side comparisons for examining bones, muscles, and joints
- often no normals for musculoskeletal system, normailty is established best by comparing with the other side

32
Q

symmetry

A

observe and compare both sides of the body for symmetry

33
Q

height

A

measure for comparison over time. gradual height loss is a common finding as a person ages

34
Q

when do you observe posture

A

observe when the client is unaware

35
Q

inspecting the spine

A

insepct from the side

note for kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis

36
Q

kyphosis

A

: exaggerated curvature of the thoratic spine

37
Q

lordosis

A

exaggerated curature of the lumbar spine

38
Q

scoliosis

A

exaggerated lateral curvature

39
Q

what do you look for when palpating

A

palpate bones for tenderness, joints, and muscles for tenderness, heat, edema, tone

40
Q

how do you asses for ROM

A

by moving the client’s joints through their full range of movements

  • do not move a joint past the point of pain or resistance
  • assess active ROM by having the client repeat the movements the nurse demonstrates
  • assess for warmth
41
Q

what joints should you asses

A
temporomandinular joint
shoulders
elbows
wrists and hands
spine
hips
knees
ankles, feet
42
Q

how should muscle structure be?

A

firm, symmetric, = strength bilaterally

43
Q

hypertrophy

A

enlargment of muscle due to strengthing

44
Q

atrophy

A

derease in muscle size due to disuse; feels soft and boggy

45
Q

during ROM assess tone:

A

slight resistance of the muscles during relaxation

46
Q

expected findings for inspection and palpation

A

strength equal, slightly stronger on the dominate side of the body, no tenderness, with spinal vertebrae that are midline

47
Q

changes with aging

A

reduced muscle mass
declines in speed, strength, resistance to fatigue, reaction time, coordination
decalcification of bones, leading to loss of bones and height, increasing risk for osteoporosis
degenerative alterantions in joints
limited range of motion
thinning intervertebral discs, kyphosis, wider stance altering posture