musculoskeletal system Flashcards
musculoskeletal system examination includes
muscles, joints, and range of motion
functions of bones include
- support for soft tissue and organs
- protection of organs- brain and spinal cord
- continual remodeling and changing collagen and mineral composition to accommodate stress placed upon them
what are skeletal muscles composed of
muscle fibers attach to bones to facilitate movement
skeletal muscle
all under voluntary control
some move by reflex
muscles attach to bone, ligament, tendon or fascia
joints
where two or more bones come together, hold bones together while allowing movement
ligaments
strong, dense, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones together
- allows some movements while restrictng others
tendons
strong, nonelastic cords of collagen that attach muscles to bones
- support bone movement in response to skeletal muscle contractions
what do you assess when examining the musculoskeletal system
assess both its structure and function
what does assessment involve for the MS SYSTEM
joint, muscle, and the surrounding tissues bilaterally and comparing findings for symmetry
what techniques do you use assess the musculoskeletal system
insepction and palpation
equitment used
tape mesaure and drape or cover for privacy
gait
manner of style of walking
alignment
posotion of the joints, tendons, muscles, and ligaments, while sitting, standing, and lying
muscle tone
normal state of ballanced muscle tension allowing one to maintain positions (sitting or standing)
range of motion
maximum amount of movement of joint
- any involuntary movements
indications of inflammation
redness, swelling, warmth, tenderness, loss of function
expected range of motion of joint movement
flexion extension hyperextension supination pronation abduction dorsiflexion plantar flexion eversion inversion external roation internal roation
flexion
movement that decreases the angle between two adjacent bones
extension
movement that increases the angle between two adjacent bones
hyperextension
movement of a body part beyond its normal extended position
supination
movement of a body part so the ventral front surface faces up
pronation
movement of a body part so the ventral front surface faces down
abduction
movement of an extremity away from the midline of the body
dorsiflexion
flexing the foot and toes upward
planatar flexion
bending the foot and toes downward
eversion
turning a body part away from midline
inversion
turning body part toward th emidline
external rotation
roating joint outward
internal rotation
rotating a joint inward
ask if there is a history of…..
arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis
osteoarthritis
gout
inspection of muscular system
inspect the musculoskeletal system, use side to side comparisons for examining bones, muscles, and joints
- often no normals for musculoskeletal system, normailty is established best by comparing with the other side
symmetry
observe and compare both sides of the body for symmetry
height
measure for comparison over time. gradual height loss is a common finding as a person ages
when do you observe posture
observe when the client is unaware
inspecting the spine
insepct from the side
note for kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis
kyphosis
: exaggerated curvature of the thoratic spine
lordosis
exaggerated curature of the lumbar spine
scoliosis
exaggerated lateral curvature
what do you look for when palpating
palpate bones for tenderness, joints, and muscles for tenderness, heat, edema, tone
how do you asses for ROM
by moving the client’s joints through their full range of movements
- do not move a joint past the point of pain or resistance
- assess active ROM by having the client repeat the movements the nurse demonstrates
- assess for warmth
what joints should you asses
temporomandinular joint shoulders elbows wrists and hands spine hips knees ankles, feet
how should muscle structure be?
firm, symmetric, = strength bilaterally
hypertrophy
enlargment of muscle due to strengthing
atrophy
derease in muscle size due to disuse; feels soft and boggy
during ROM assess tone:
slight resistance of the muscles during relaxation
expected findings for inspection and palpation
strength equal, slightly stronger on the dominate side of the body, no tenderness, with spinal vertebrae that are midline
changes with aging
reduced muscle mass
declines in speed, strength, resistance to fatigue, reaction time, coordination
decalcification of bones, leading to loss of bones and height, increasing risk for osteoporosis
degenerative alterantions in joints
limited range of motion
thinning intervertebral discs, kyphosis, wider stance altering posture
