musculoskeletal system

Question 1

musculoskeletal system examination includes

Answer 1

muscles, joints, and range of motion

Question 2

functions of bones include

Answer 2

• support for soft tissue and organs
• protection of organs- brain and spinal cord
• continual remodeling and changing collagen and mineral composition to accommodate stress placed upon them

Question 3

what are skeletal muscles composed of

Answer 3

muscle fibers attach to bones to facilitate movement

Question 4

skeletal muscle

Answer 4

all under voluntary control
some move by reflex
muscles attach to bone, ligament, tendon or fascia

Question 5

joints

Answer 5

where two or more bones come together, hold bones together while allowing movement

Question 6

ligaments

Answer 6

strong, dense, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones together
- allows some movements while restrictng others

Question 7

tendons

Answer 7

strong, nonelastic cords of collagen that attach muscles to bones
- support bone movement in response to skeletal muscle contractions

Question 8

what do you assess when examining the musculoskeletal system

Answer 8

assess both its structure and function

Question 9

what does assessment involve for the MS SYSTEM

Answer 9

joint, muscle, and the surrounding tissues bilaterally and comparing findings for symmetry

Question 10

what techniques do you use assess the musculoskeletal system

Answer 10

insepction and palpation

Question 11

equitment used

Answer 11

tape mesaure and drape or cover for privacy

Question 12

gait

Answer 12

manner of style of walking

Question 13

alignment

Answer 13

posotion of the joints, tendons, muscles, and ligaments, while sitting, standing, and lying

Question 14

muscle tone

Answer 14

normal state of ballanced muscle tension allowing one to maintain positions (sitting or standing)

Question 15

range of motion

Answer 15

maximum amount of movement of joint

- any involuntary movements

Question 16

indications of inflammation

Answer 16

redness, swelling, warmth, tenderness, loss of function

Question 17

expected range of motion of joint movement

Answer 17

flexion 
extension
hyperextension 
supination 
pronation 
abduction 
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
eversion
inversion 
external roation 
internal roation

Question 18

flexion

Answer 18

movement that decreases the angle between two adjacent bones

Question 19

extension

Answer 19

movement that increases the angle between two adjacent bones

Question 20

hyperextension

Answer 20

movement of a body part beyond its normal extended position

Question 21

supination

Answer 21

movement of a body part so the ventral front surface faces up

Question 22

pronation

Answer 22

movement of a body part so the ventral front surface faces down

Question 23

abduction

Answer 23

movement of an extremity away from the midline of the body

Question 24

dorsiflexion

Answer 24

flexing the foot and toes upward

Question 25

planatar flexion

Answer 25

bending the foot and toes downward

Question 26

eversion

Answer 26

turning a body part away from midline

Question 27

inversion

Answer 27

turning body part toward th emidline

Question 28

external rotation

Answer 28

roating joint outward

Question 29

internal rotation

Answer 29

rotating a joint inward

Question 30

ask if there is a history of.....

Answer 30

arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis osteoarthritis gout

Question 31

inspection of muscular system

Answer 31

inspect the musculoskeletal system, use side to side comparisons for examining bones, muscles, and joints - often no normals for musculoskeletal system, normailty is established best by comparing with the other side

Question 32

symmetry

Answer 32

observe and compare both sides of the body for symmetry

Question 33

height

Answer 33

measure for comparison over time. gradual height loss is a common finding as a person ages

Question 34

when do you observe posture

Answer 34

observe when the client is unaware

Question 35

inspecting the spine

Answer 35

insepct from the side | note for kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis

Question 36

kyphosis

Answer 36

: exaggerated curvature of the thoratic spine

Question 37

lordosis

Answer 37

exaggerated curature of the lumbar spine

Question 38

scoliosis

Answer 38

exaggerated lateral curvature

Question 39

what do you look for when palpating

Answer 39

palpate bones for tenderness, joints, and muscles for tenderness, heat, edema, tone

Question 40

how do you asses for ROM

Answer 40

by moving the client's joints through their full range of movements - do not move a joint past the point of pain or resistance - assess active ROM by having the client repeat the movements the nurse demonstrates - assess for warmth

Question 41

what joints should you asses

Answer 41

``` temporomandinular joint shoulders elbows wrists and hands spine hips knees ankles, feet ```

Question 42

how should muscle structure be?

Answer 42

firm, symmetric, = strength bilaterally

Question 43

hypertrophy

Answer 43

enlargment of muscle due to strengthing

Question 44

atrophy

Answer 44

derease in muscle size due to disuse; feels soft and boggy

Question 45

during ROM assess tone:

Answer 45

slight resistance of the muscles during relaxation

Question 46

expected findings for inspection and palpation

Answer 46

strength equal, slightly stronger on the dominate side of the body, no tenderness, with spinal vertebrae that are midline

Question 47

changes with aging

Answer 47

reduced muscle mass declines in speed, strength, resistance to fatigue, reaction time, coordination decalcification of bones, leading to loss of bones and height, increasing risk for osteoporosis degenerative alterantions in joints limited range of motion thinning intervertebral discs, kyphosis, wider stance altering posture