Pain Flashcards
What is pain?
An aversive sensation and feeling associated with actual or potential tissue damage
What are some negative effects of pain and stress?
Decreased pulmonary function, decreased immune function, increased coagulation, increased cardiovascular
What are the 4 categoris of pre-emptive pain?
No pain
Mild pain
Moderate pain
Severe pain
What are the three different types of pain?
Somatic
Visceral
Neuropathic
Describe somatic pain
Originates from damage to bones, joints, muscle, or skin
Localized, constant, sharp pain
Describe visceral pain
Arises from the stretching, disetention, or inflammation of viscera
Deep, aching pain with no localization
Describe neuropathic pain
Originates from injury or involvement of the PNS or CNS
Burning or shooting pain
What are the 5 steps in pain sensation
Transduction Transmission Modulation Projection Perception
Transduction occurs where? What are some drugs that can interrupt transduction?
Occurs at the tissue level
NSAIDs, Local anesthetics, or opioids
What are the two different types of nociceptors involved in transduction?
Alpha nociceptors: Low or high threshold, polymodal or single stimuli. Discharge at rates higher than C-fibers
C fiber nociceptors: all high threshold and polymodal. Slower onset of pain
After transduction comes _____ which goes to the ____
Transmission
Dorsal root ganglion
What are some drugs that can block transmission?
Local anesthetics, alpha-2 agonists
In modulation, synpase with neurons in _____
dorsal horn of the spinal cord
What drugs can be used to block modulation?
Opiods, a-2 agonists, NMDA antagonists, NSAIDs, anticonvulsants, local anesthetics
What is the main tract involved in projection?
Spinothalamic tract
What is the final step?
Perception; integration, processing, and recognition of sensory information occurs in multiple areas
What does the reticular activating system mediate?
Motor, automatic, and endocrine response
Periaqueductal gray area transfers area to ____ and serves a role ______
thalamus/hypothalamus
Relay for descending facilitative/inhibitory modulation
Thalamus transfers information to _____
cerebral cortex and limbic system
What are the three components of the thalamus and what do they controll?
Amygdala: fear, anxiety
Cingulate gyrus: emotion
Hippocampus: memory
What is our main goal of pre-emptive pain management?
To decrease peripheral and central sensitization “wind-up”
What is a limitation of the Glasgow composite measure pain scale?
Only made for dogs
Does not consider prior demeanor
No assessment for level of sedation
At what level on the Glasgow composite measure pain scale would you rethink treatment?
6/24 or 5/20
CSU acute pain scale is advantageous because
It is user friendly and has pictures that add visual cues
Also has a section for cats
T/F Little Skipper scored at 2.5 on the CSU acute pain scale so we should reassess analgesic plan
TRUE; if it’s above 1.5
What is a key we can use to evaluate pain in horses?
The equine pain face
T/F As needed analgesia is a common technique veterinarians use
FALSE; this is actually a pretty horrible thing you sick monster
