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Family Nursing > Pain- 32 > Flashcards

Pain- 32 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pain

A

is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

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2
Q

Pain is

A

“whatever the person says it is, and existing whenever the person says it does”

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3
Q

Cutaneous or superficial pain

A

arises in the skin or the subcutaneous tissue (e.g., a burn or an abrasion). Although the injury is superficial, it may cause significant short-term pain.

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4
Q

Deep somatic pain

A

originates in the ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, and bones. Deep somatic pain is more diffuse than cutaneous pain and tends to last longer.

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5
Q

Visceral pain

A

is caused by the stimulation of deep internal pain receptors, most often in the abdominal cavity, cranium, or thorax.

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6
Q

Radiating pain

A

starts at the origin but extends to other locations. For instance, the pain of a severe sore throat may extend to the ears and head.

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7
Q

Referred pain

A

occurs in an area that is distant from the original site.

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8
Q

Phantom pain

A

is pain that is perceived to originate from an area that has been surgically removed.

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9
Q

Psychogenic pain

A

refers to pain that is believed to arise from the mind. The patient perceives the pain despite the fact that no physical cause can be identified.

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10
Q

Nociceptive Pain

A

is the most common type of pain. It occurs when pain receptors, which are called nociceptors, respond to stimuli that are potentially damaging

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11
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

is complex and often chronic pain that arises when injury to one or more nerves results in repeated transmission of pain signals even in the absence of painful stimuli.

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12
Q

Acute pain

A

has a short duration with rapid onset. It varies in intensity and may last up to 6 months

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13
Q

Chronic (or persistent) pain

A

lasts 3 to 6 months or longer and often interferes with daily activities.

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14
Q

intractable pain

A

is both chronic and highly resistant to relief. This type of pain is especially frustrating for the patient and care provider.

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15
Q

Pain quality

A

may be described as sharp or dull, aching, throbbing, stabbing, burning, ripping, searing, or tingling.

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16
Q

Pain periodicity

A

may be referred to as episodic, intermittent, or constant.

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17
Q

Pain intensity

A

is described with a variety of terms, such as mild, distracting, moderate, severe, or intolerable.

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18
Q

transduction

A

nociceptors become activated by the perception of mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli.

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19
Q

Mechanical stimuli

A

are external forces that result in pressure or friction against the body. They involve stretching of body tissues

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20
Q

Thermal stimuli

A

result from exposure to extreme heat or cold.

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21
Q

Chemical stimuli

A

stimuli can be internal or external.

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22
Q

transmission

A

Peripheral nerves carry the pain message to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

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23
Q

A-delta fibers

A

These fibers transmit fast pain impulses from acute, focused mechanical and thermal stimuli.

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24
Q

C fibers

A

smaller unmyelinated fibers that transmit slow pain impulses, that is, dull, diffuse pain impulses that travel at a slow rate.

25
Q

neurotransmitters

A

Pain transmission involves endogenous chemicals

26
Q

Perception

A

involves the recognition and interpretation of pain in the frontal cortex

27
Q

Pain threshold

A

is the duration or intensity of pain that a person can endure.

28
Q

hyperalgesia

A

Extreme sensitivity to pain

29
Q

modulation

A

changes the perception of pain by either facilitating or inhibiting pain signals through the endogenous analgesia system and the gate-control mechanism.

30
Q

endogenous analgesia system

A

neurons in the brainstem activate descending nerve fibers that conduct impulses back to the spinal column

31
Q

Endogenous opioids

A

naturally occurring analgesic neurotransmitters that inhibit the transmission of pain impulses.

32
Q

Key point

A

Pain is universal, yet each person experiences and responds to pain differently.

33
Q

Emotions

A

multitude of feelings may overwhelm them and escalate their pain.
fear
confusion/helplessness
anxiety/depression

34
Q

pain: infants/children

A

Newborns have the same sensitivity to pain as older infants and children, and preterm infants may have a greater sensitivity

usually cry- sometimes don’t cry but are still in pain alters pain scales pain goes untreated

35
Q

pain:older adults

A

Pain occurs in more than half of the geriatric population.

  • cognitive impairment
  • nonverbal cues
  • atypical response
  • diminished quality of life
36
Q

nonverbal cues

A 
Facial expressions
vocalizations
change in physical activity
change in routine
mental status change
physiological cues
*lack of cues does not mean no pain
37
Q

onset of acute pain

A

activates the sympathetic nervous system.

38
Q

If the pain continues

A

the body adapts, and the parasympathetic nervous system takes over

39
Q

Sympathetic Responses (Acute Pain)

A

Dilated blood vessels to the brain, increased alertness

Dilated pupils

Increased heart rate and force of contraction

Increased respiratory rate

Increased systolic blood pressure

Rapid speech

Pallor

40
Q

Parasympathetic Responses (Deep or Prolonged Pain)

A

Changeable breathing patterns

Constricted pupils

Decreased pulse rate

Decreased systolic blood pressure, feeling faint, possible syncope

Slow, monotonous speech

Withdrawal

41
Q

Behavioral Responses (Voluntary)

A

Agitation

Crying

Facial grimacing

Guarding the painful area

Moaning

Withdrawing from painful stimuli

42
Q

Psychological (Affective) Responses

A

Anger

Anxiety

Depression

Exhaustion

Fear

Hopelessness

Irritability

43
Q

Pain assessment

A

Pain location and quality

Pain intensity

Aggravating and alleviating factors

Timing and duration

Pain relief and expectations for how much pain is realistic

Questions that reveal the patient’s ability to perform activities of daily living

Mobility

Psychological/social factors

44
Q

The Visual Analog Scale

A

“No pain” is written on the left side and “Worst pain imaginable” is written on the right. Patients point to a location on the line that reflects their current pain.

45
Q

The Numerical Rating Scale

A

Zero indicates no pain at all, whereas a 10 indicates the worst possible pain.

46
Q

The Simple Descriptor Scale

A

is a list of adjectives that describe different levels of pain intensity. The simplest version of this scale uses the words mild, moderate, and severe.

47
Q

The Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale

A

FACES scale uses simple illustrations of faces to depict various levels of pain. It requires no numerical or reading skill.

48
Q

Assessing Pain in Infants and Children

A

self-report, behavioral observation, or physiological measures

  • ask parents usual signals
  • use play to assess coping
  • age appropriate toys to act out feelings
  • simple pain rating scales
49
Q

Nonverbal Signs of Pain

A
  • Facial expression, posture, and body position
  • change in vital signs- only last a short time
  • pt can be in pain and not act like it
  • ask pt and believe them
  • use interpreter
  • some think they are being weak
  • assess for depression
50
Q

Cutaneous Stimulation

A

This process diminishes the patient’s perception of pain. Cutaneous stimulation works best on pain that is localized and not diffuse.

51
Q

TENS Units

A

consists of electrode pads, connecting wire, and the stimulator. The pads are applied directly to the painful area, which is most often muscle and soft tissue.

52
Q

PENS Units

A

combines a TENS unit with needle probes percutaneously placed (through the skin) to stimulate peripheral sensory nerves. PENS is effective in short-term management of acute and chronic pain.

53
Q

Spinal Cord Stimulator

A

The SCS produces a tingly sensation that interferes with the perception of pain.

54
Q

Acupuncture

A

Application of extremely fine needles to specific sites in the body to relieve pain

55
Q

Acupressure

A

stimulates specific sites in the body.

56
Q

Massage

A

Massage has been shown to be effective in reducing pain. By providing cutaneous stimulation and relaxing the muscles

57
Q

Myofascial release

A

manual pressure applied between overused or injured muscles and nerves to loosen adhesions that develop from overuse.

58
Q

Application of Heat and Cold

A

The application of cold causes vasoconstriction and can help prevent swelling and bleeding

Heat promotes vasodilation and circulation, which speeds healing.

59
Q

Contralateral Stimulation

A

stimulating the skin in an area opposite to the painful site.

Family Nursing (16 decks)

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