Neurological and sensory disorders 13

Question 1

Asymetrical tonic neck reflex or fencing reflex-birth

Answer 1

extends arm and leg towards direction head is pointed when laying flat on back

Question 2

Palmar grasp reflex- birth

Answer 2

involuntary grasp when pressure on palm

Question 3

Placing reflex-birth

Answer 3

if held upright and foot touches firm surface, they withdraws feet

Question 4

moro/startle reflex- birth

Answer 4

back arches, arms flex and move away from body and return, often cries

Question 5

blinking-birth

Answer 5

puff of air- infant closes eyes

Question 6

babinski sign- birth

Answer 6

when sole of foot is stroked toes fan out

Question 7

rooting- birth

Answer 7

cheek touched, turns head towards

Question 8

stepping- birth

Answer 8

held upright will move in stepping motion if lowered to surface

Question 9

swimming reflex- birth

Answer 9

facedown in water- coordinated swimming movement

Question 10

sucking reflex- birth

Answer 10

automatic sucking if object touches mouth

Question 11

parachute- 10m

Answer 11

when the child is held upright and the baby’s body is rotated quickly to face forward (as in falling). The baby will extend their arms forward as if to break a fall, even though this reflex appears long before the baby walks.

Question 12

Traction- 5m

Answer 12

when pulled to sitting by hands, infant resists and raises head

Question 13

trunk righting- 8m

Answer 13

when sitting if pushed lightly the trunk will flex and arm extends away from force

Question 14

head righting 4m

Answer 14

when gently swayed side to side vertically, head remains verticle

Question 15

Disruptions in the neurological development of infants factors

Answer 15

Genetic
Metabolic
Infectious
Trauma
Degenerative disorders
Anatomic brain malformations

Question 16

Disruptions in the neurological development of infants Associated conditions include:

Answer 16

Seizures
Sensory impairments
Problems with physical growth
Psychiatric and behavioral disorders

Question 17

Developmental delay

Answer 17

descriptive term, not a specific diagnosis, and is used for situations in which the child is not meeting age-appropriate milestones as expected in one or more areas of development

Question 18

Types of developmental delays may include:

Answer 18

An individual milestone
Mixed milestones
Global developmental delay in which all milestones are delayed

Question 19

evaluating a child with a suspected neurological disorder general history

Answer 19

Detailed medical and social history of the child

History of the mother’s pregnancy, labor, and delivery

Child’s birth history

General health of the child

Concerns regarding behavior

Social history

Parenting variations

Socioeconomic issues

Question 20

evaluating a child with a suspected neurological disorder physical examination

Answer 20

Head circumference abnormalities

Muscle tone abnormalities

Muscle atrophy or wasting

Large or clustered skin lesions, called neurocutaneous lesions

Dysmorphic features

Abnormalities in the cranial nerves, such as decreased vision or hearing, or inability to use the tongue

Documentation of the presence of physical findings of known genetic disorders, such as facial or hand features of a child with Down syndrome

Question 21

Microcephaly

Answer 21

the head circumference is more than two standard deviations below average for the child’s age, sex, race, and period of gestation.

Question 22

Macrocephaly

Answer 22

—the head circumference is more than two standard deviations above average for the child’s age, sex, race, and period of gestation.

Question 23

hypertonia

Answer 23

Increased muscle tone:

Question 24

hypotonia

Answer 24

Decreased muscle tone:

Question 25

Ages and States Questionnaire (ASQ) infant-5y

Answer 25

A parent-completed questionnaire to assess developmental, social, and emotional milestones

Question 26

Denver Developmental Screening Test–II (DDST-II) 1-6m

Answer 26

Used by professionals to screen children for possible developmental problems, to confirm suspected problems with an objective measure, and to monitor children at risk for developmental problems

Question 27

Early Screening Inventory–Revised (ESI-R) 3-6

Answer 27

A brief developmental screening tool used by educators to identify children who may need special education services in school

Question 28

Bayley Infant Neurodevelopmental Screen (BINS) 3-24m

Answer 28

Used by professionals to identify infants who are developmentally delayed or who have neurological impairments

Question 29

Brigance Screens 21-90m

Answer 29

Nine separate screens—one for each 12-month age range—to evaluate speech-language, motor, readiness, general knowledge, social-emotional skills; typically used by professionals and educators

Question 30

Battelle Developmental Inventory birth-8m

Answer 30

Screens receptive and expressive language, fine and gross motor, adaptive, personal-social, and cognitive/academic to identify children at risk for delay

Question 31

Child Development Inventories or Child Development Review 3-72m

Answer 31

Screens child’s development in major developmental areas by parent report of child’s behavior

Question 32

Child Development Review—Parent Questionnaire (CDR-PQ) 18m-5y

Answer 32

Parent-completed questionnaire along with professional-completed child development chart that measures social, self-help, motor, and language skills

Question 33

Infant Development Inventory (IDI) 0-18m

Answer 33

Parent-completed questionnaire; measures social, self-help, motor, and language skills

Question 34

Parent Evaluations of Developmental Status (PEDS) birth-8y

Answer 34

A screening and surveillance tool to assess developmental issues, behavioral, and mental health problems; used by professionals and educators

Question 35

The Bzoch-League Receptive-Expressive Language Test (REEL-2) infant-3y

Answer 35

A screening tool used by professionals to measure and analyze emergent language