Pain

Question 1

What are the classifications of pain based on duration?

Answer 1

Acute, Chronic

Question 2

What are the classifications of pain based on cause?

Answer 2

Cancer, Non-cancer

Question 3

What are the two main mechanisms of pain?

Answer 3

Nociceptive pain, Neuropathic pain

Question 4

How is nociceptive pain described?

Answer 4

Sharp/Dull, Well localised

Question 5

How is neuropathic pain described?

Answer 5

Burning, Shooting or numbness, Pins and needles, Phantom limb pain, Not well localised

Question 6

What initiates the process of pain physiology in the periphery?

Answer 6

Tissue injury leads to stimulation of nociceptors

Question 7

Which fibers carry pain signals to the spinal cord?

Answer 7

A𝛿 and C fibres

Question 8

What is the role of the thalamus in pain perception?

Answer 8

Connects to cortex which conveys pain perception

Question 9

What is the purpose of modulation in pain physiology?

Answer 9

To decrease pain signals

Question 10

What are the classifications of analgesics?

Answer 10

Simple Analgesia, Strong Analgesia, Other Analgesics

Question 11

Name two drugs used for simple analgesia.

Answer 11

Paracetamol (Acetaminophen), NSAIDs

Question 12

List three examples of NSAIDs.

Answer 12

• Aspirin
• Diclofenac
• Ibuprofen

Question 13

What are weak opioids used for strong analgesia?

Answer 13

Codeine, Dihydrocodeine, Tramadol

Question 14

Name three strong opioids.

Answer 14

Morphine, Oxycodone, Fentanyl

Question 15

What is the classification of Tramadol?

Answer 15

Mixed opiate and 5HT/NA reuptake inhibitor

Question 16

What are some antidepressants used as analgesics?

Answer 16

Amitriptyline, Duloxetine

Question 17

What type of analgesics are anticonvulsants?

Answer 17

Carbamazepine, Sodium valproate, Gabapentin

Question 18

What is the mechanism of action of Ketamine?

Answer 18

NMDA Receptor antagonist

Question 19

What are some examples of local anesthetics?

Answer 19

Lignocaine, Bupivacaine, Ropivacaine

Question 20

What are some non-drug management techniques for pain?

Answer 20

Rest, Ice, Elevation

Question 21

What is the role of NSAIDs in pain management?

Answer 21

Reduce the nociceptive afferent triggering

Question 22

Name two non-drug methods for managing pain via the spinal cord.

Answer 22

Acupuncture, Massage

Question 23

What is the primary non-drug method for managing pain via the brain?

Answer 23

Psychological therapy

Question 24

Which drug is used for mild pain?

Answer 24

Paracetamol

Question 25

What type of pain are NSAIDs primarily used for?

Answer 25

Nociceptive pain

Question 26

What is a common side effect of Codeine?

Answer 26

Constipation

Question 27

What are the side effects of Morphine?

Answer 27

* Constipation * Addiction * Respiratory depression

Question 28

What scoring system is used for pain assessment?

Answer 28

Verbal Rating Score, Numerical Rating Score, Visual Analogue Scale, Smiling faces, Abbey Pain Scale, Functional assessments

Question 29

Fill in the blank: The score used for evaluation of acute nociceptive pain is the _______.

Answer 29

WHO Pain Ladder

Question 30

What is the initial step for managing mild pain according to the WHO Pain Ladder?

Answer 30

Start at Bottom of Pain Ladder

Question 31

What is the Golden Standard approach to pain management?

Answer 31

RAT Approach to Pain

Question 32

What does the 'R' in RAT stand for?

Answer 32

Recognise (Ask, Look)

Question 33

What does the 'A' in RAT stand for?

Answer 33

Assess (Severity, Type, Quality of Life, Other Factors)

Question 34

What does the 'T' in RAT stand for?

Answer 34

Treat (Non-drug, Drug)

Question 35

What is the management strategy for severe pain according to the WHO Pain Ladder?

Answer 35

Bottom of Pain Ladder plus Top of Ladder. Miss out the middle

Question 36

What should be the last analgesic to stop when resolving pain?

Answer 36

Paracetamol

Question 37

True or False: Amitriptyline is used for nociceptive pain.

Answer 37

False