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Nursing 1st yr > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of nociceptive pain?

A

Somatic, visceral, and referred pain

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2
Q

Define nociceptors.

A

Specialized sensory receptors for painful stimuli.

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3
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

Pain caused by damage to the nervous system.

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4
Q

Name two types of nerve fibers involved in pain transmission.

A

A-delta fibers and C fibers.

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5
Q

What role do A-delta fibers play in pain?

A

They transmit sharp, well-localized pain.

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6
Q

What role do C fibers play in pain?

A

They transmit dull, aching, and poorly localized pain

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7
Q

What is the pain threshold?

A

The point at which a stimulus is perceived as pain.

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8
Q

What is pain tolerance?

A

The maximum level of pain that a person is able to tolerate.

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9
Q

Define hyperalgesia.

A

Increased sensitivity to pain.

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10
Q

What is allodynia?

A

Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain.

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11
Q

What is the Gate Control Theory of pain?

A

A theory suggesting that non-painful input closes the “gates” to painful input, preventing pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system.

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12
Q

What are endorphins?

A

Natural painkillers produced by the body.

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13
Q

What is the role of opioids in pain management?

A

They bind to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord to reduce the perception of pain.

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14
Q

How do NSAIDs reduce pain?

A

By inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and reducing prostaglandin production.

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15
Q

Describe the WHO analgesic ladder.

A

A stepwise approach to pain management: start with non-opioids, then mild opioids, and then strong opioids for increasing levels of pain.

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16
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A

Pain from physical damage or potential damage to the body.

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17
Q

What is the difference between acute and chronic pain?

A

Acute pain is short-term and usually has a clear cause, while chronic pain persists for a long time and can be more complex.

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18
Q

What are some non-pharmacological interventions for pain management?

A

Physical therapy, acupuncture, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and relaxation techniques.

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19
Q

How does diabetes cause neuropathic pain?

A

Through hyperglycemia-induced nerve damage.

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20
Q

What is phantom limb pain?

A

Pain perceived in an amputated limb.

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21
Q

What causes trigeminal neuralgia?

A

Compression of the trigeminal nerve.

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22
Q

What is the FLACC scale used for?

A

Assessing pain in infants and young children based on their behavior.

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23
Q

Define central sensitization.

A

Increased sensitivity of neurons in the central nervous system to pain stimuli.

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24
Q

What is complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)?

A

A chronic pain condition typically following an injury, characterized by severe pain, swelling, and changes in the skin.

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25
Q

What is the role of NMDA receptors in pain?

A

They are involved in central sensitization and the development of chronic pain.

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26
Q

What is anterolateral cordotomy?

A

A surgical procedure to cut pain-conducting pathways in the spinal cord to alleviate pain.

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27
Q

What is midline myelotomy?

A

A surgical procedure to relieve severe chronic pain by cutting the spinal cord pathways that transmit pain signals.

28
Q

Name a common cause of lumbosacral radicular pain.

A

Herniated intervertebral disc.

29
Q

What is postherpetic neuralgia?

A

Persistent nerve pain following a shingles infection.

30
Q

What is the primary cause of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy?

A

Neurotoxicity from chemotherapy drugs.

31
Q

How is pain assessed in non-verbal patients?

A

Using behavioral assessment tools like the FLACC scale.

32
Q

What are some physiological symptoms of pain in infants?

A

Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and ventilatory rate; changes in skin color; sweating.

33
Q

What are some behavioral responses to pain in infants?

A

Changes in facial expression, crying, body movements, and withdrawal of affected limbs.

34
Q

What is central pain syndrome?

A

Pain caused by damage to the central nervous system.

35
Q

Name some causes of central pain syndromes.

A

Stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, brain tumors, traumatic brain injury.

36
Q

What is the consequence of hyperglycemia in diabetic neuropathy?

A

Degeneration of unmyelinated sensory neurons.

37
Q

What are the typical symptoms of diabetic neuropathy?

A

Burning pain and loss of sensation in the feet and hands.

38
Q

What are the clinical features of CRPS?

A

Ongoing pain, allodynia, hyperalgesia, edema, cutaneous blood flow, and sweating abnormalities.

39
Q

How does nerve injury contribute to neuropathic pain?

A

Through the formation of neuromas and spontaneous action potentials.

40
Q

What is the typical distribution of pain in diabetic neuropathy?

A

Stocking and glove distribution in the distal extremities.

41
Q

How does neuropathic pain differ from nociceptive pain?

A

Neuropathic pain arises from nerve damage, while nociceptive pain comes from tissue damage.

42
Q

What role does the sympathetic nervous system play in some CRPS cases?

A

Sympathetic blockade can alleviate pain, indicating involvement of sympathetic nerves.

43
Q

What are the treatment steps in the WHO analgesic ladder?

A

Step 1: non-opioid analgesics, Step 2: weak opioids, Step 3: strong opioids, Step 4: invasive techniques.

44
Q

What is the significance of the “wind-up” phenomenon in pain?

A

It describes the progressive increase in pain intensity with repeated stimulation.

45
Q

What is disinhibition in the context of pain?

A

Reduction in the normal inhibitory influence on central nervous system neurons, contributing to pain sensitization.

46
Q

What factors can influence pain perception in older adults?

A

Chronic diseases and individual variability in pain response.

47
Q

What are the main goals of pain management in nursing?

A

Alleviate pain, improve function, and enhance quality of life.

48
Q

How does chronic pain affect the economy?

A

Significant healthcare costs, employment-related costs, and welfare payments.

49
Q

What is the importance of assessing pain in paediatric patients?

A

To provide adequate pain control and improve outcomes for infants and young children.

50
Q

How does injury to the spinothalamic tract affect pain perception?

A

It can lead to central pain syndromes with intense and chronic pain sensations.

51
Q

Explain the role of NMDA receptors in the development of chronic pain.

A

NMDA receptors contribute to central sensitization by increasing the excitability of neurons in the central nervous system, leading to persistent pain.

52
Q

What mechanisms underlie the enhanced responsiveness of second-order neurons in neuropathic pain?

A

Changes in neuron excitability and reduced inhibition from endogenous pain control circuits contribute to central sensitization.

53
Q

Describe the changes in neural pathways during central sensitization.

A

Central sensitization involves increased activity in second-order neurons and reduced inhibitory input, leading to heightened pain perception.

54
Q

How does the FLACC scale quantify pain in preverbal children?

A

By scoring behaviors in five categories (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) from 0 to 2, with a total score ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (severe pain).

55
Q

Discuss the use of multi-agent therapy in pain management.

A

Combining different types of analgesics, such as opioids, NSAIDs, and adjuvant agents, can enhance pain relief and target various pain mechanisms.

56
Q

What is the significance of cutting the axons of spinothalamic tract neurons in pain management surgeries?

A

It aims to disrupt pain signal transmission, providing relief from severe, chronic pain, particularly of visceral origin.

57
Q

What are the potential complications of a midline myelotomy?

A

Accurate lesion placement is critical; complications may include loss of other sensory functions and potential damage to the spinal cord.

58
Q

How do local anaesthetic blocks alleviate CRPS pain?

A

By blocking sympathetic ganglia or adrenergic receptors, reducing pain signaling and providing relief.

59
Q

What physiological changes occur in the sympathetic nervous system during CRPS?

A

Intact nociceptors become sensitive to noradrenaline, causing spontaneous activity and heightened responses to stimuli.

60
Q

Describe the impact of hyperglycemia on sensory neurons in diabetic neuropathy.

A

Hyperglycemia causes degeneration of unmyelinated axons and ischemia-induced damage to blood vessels supplying peripheral nerves.

61
Q

How does a neuroma contribute to pain following nerve injury?

A

Neuromas generate spontaneous action potentials and are highly sensitive to mechanical stimuli, leading to ongoing pain.

62
Q

Explain the phenomenon of referred pain.

A

Pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus, often due to the convergence of nerve fibers in the spinal cord.

63
Q

What are the clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia, and what causes it?

A

Severe, sharp facial pain triggered by light touch, caused by compression of the trigeminal nerve.

64
Q

How does central pain syndrome differ from peripheral neuropathic pain?

A

Central pain syndrome originates from damage to the central nervous system, while peripheral neuropathic pain results from damage to peripheral nerves.

65
Q

What factors contribute to the variability of pain responses in older adults?

A

Chronic diseases, age-related changes in pain perception, and individual variability in pain threshold and tolerance.

Nursing 1st yr (21 decks)

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