Hormones Flashcards
Adrenaline (Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Adrenal medulla
Effect on target cells: Binds to adrenergic receptors, increases cAMP levels
Effect on body: Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles; dilates airways; stimulates glycogenolysis and lipolysis
Hypo: Rare, generally not clinically significant
Hyper: Anxiety, palpitations, hypertension, headaches
Relevant condition: Pheochromocytoma - a tumor causing excess adrenaline production leading to hypertension, palpitations, and anxiety
Aldosterone (Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa)
Effect on target cells: Binds to mineralocorticoid receptors in kidney distal tubules and collecting ducts
Effect on body: Increases sodium reabsorption, potassium excretion, and water retention; raises blood pressure
Hypo: Addison’s disease - hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypotension, fatigue
Hyper: Conn’s syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism) - hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Relevant condition: Conn’s syndrome - excessive aldosterone production causing hypertension and hypokalemia
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Hypothalamus
Released from: Posterior pituitary gland
Effect on target cells: Binds to V2 receptors in kidney collecting ducts, increasing aquaporin-2 insertion
Effect on body: Increases water reabsorption, reduces urine volume, concentrates urine, maintains blood pressure
Hypo: Diabetes insipidus - polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, hypernatremia
Hyper: Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) - water retention, hyponatremia, cerebral edema
Relevant condition: Diabetes insipidus - insufficient ADH leading to excessive urination and thirst
Calcitonin
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Thyroid gland (parafollicular cells or C cells)
Effect on target cells: Inhibits osteoclast activity, decreases calcium resorption in kidneys
Effect on body: Lowers blood calcium levels, inhibits bone resorption
Hypo: Rare, generally not clinically significant
Hyper: Rare, may cause hypocalcemia
Relevant condition: Medullary thyroid carcinoma - cancer originating from C cells, which can secrete excessive calcitonin
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine (I cells)
Effect on target cells: Stimulates gallbladder contraction, pancreatic enzyme secretion, and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi
Effect on body: Aids in digestion of fats and proteins by promoting bile and enzyme release
Hypo: Impaired fat digestion and absorption, steatorrhea
Hyper: Rare, may cause dyspepsia and gastrointestinal discomfort
Relevant condition: None typically associated
Cortisol
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata)
Effect on target cells: Binds to glucocorticoid receptors, modulates gene expression
Effect on body: Increases blood glucose, suppresses immune response, enhances metabolism, maintains blood pressure
Hypo: Addison’s disease - fatigue, weight loss, hypotension, hypoglycemia
Hyper: Cushing’s syndrome - central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, muscle weakness
Relevant condition: Cushing’s syndrome - chronic excessive cortisol production or administration
Erythropoietin (EPO)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Kidneys (peritubular fibroblasts)
Effect on target cells: Stimulates erythropoiesis in bone marrow progenitor cells
Effect on body: Increases red blood cell production, enhances oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
Hypo: Anemia, fatigue, shortness of breath
Hyper: Polycythemia, increased blood viscosity, risk of thrombosis
Relevant condition: Anemia of chronic kidney disease - insufficient EPO production
Estrogen
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Ovaries (granulosa cells)
Effect on target cells: Binds to estrogen receptors, regulates gene expression
Effect on body: Regulates menstrual cycle, promotes secondary sexual characteristics, maintains bone density
Hypo: Menopause symptoms, osteoporosis, infertility
Hyper: Increased risk of breast and endometrial cancer, thromboembolic events
Relevant condition: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) - hormonal imbalance with elevated estrogen levels
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Anterior pituitary gland
Effect on target cells: Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles in females, spermatogenesis in males
Effect on body: Essential for reproduction and development of gametes
Hypo: Infertility, amenorrhea, reduced spermatogenesis
Hyper: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple births
Relevant condition: Hypogonadism - reduced function of gonads leading to low FSH levels
Glucagon
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Pancreas (alpha cells)
Effect on target cells: Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver
Effect on body: Increases blood glucose levels, maintains glucose homeostasis
Hypo: Hypoglycemia, dizziness, confusion, seizures
Hyper: Hyperglycemia, weight loss, diarrhea
Relevant condition: Glucagonoma - rare pancreatic tumor causing excessive glucagon secretion
Growth Hormone (GH)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Anterior pituitary gland
Effect on target cells: Stimulates growth and cell reproduction, promotes protein synthesis and fat metabolism
Effect on body: Growth and development, increases muscle mass, reduces fat mass
Hypo: Dwarfism in children, muscle wasting in adults
Hyper: Acromegaly in adults, gigantism in children
Relevant condition: Acromegaly - excessive GH secretion leading to abnormal growth of hands, feet, and face
Insulin
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Pancreas (beta cells)
Effect on target cells: Promotes glucose uptake, glycogenesis, and lipogenesis
Effect on body: Lowers blood glucose levels, stores energy as glycogen and fat
Hypo: Diabetes mellitus - hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia
Hyper: Hypoglycemia - shakiness, sweating, confusion, seizures
Relevant condition: Diabetes mellitus - impaired insulin production or action leading to chronic high blood sugar
Leptin
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Adipose tissue
Effect on target cells: Binds to leptin receptors in hypothalamus, regulates appetite and energy balance
Effect on body: Reduces hunger, increases energy expenditure
Hypo: Obesity, overeating, decreased energy expenditure
Hyper: Leptin resistance, obesity
Relevant condition: Obesity - leptin resistance or deficiency leading to impaired appetite regulation
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Anterior pituitary gland
Effect on target cells: Triggers ovulation in females, stimulates testosterone production in males
Effect on body: Essential for reproduction, regulates menstrual cycle in females, promotes spermatogenesis in males
Hypo: Infertility, amenorrhea, low testosterone
Hyper: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) - menstrual irregularities, infertility
Relevant condition: Hypogonadism - reduced function of gonads leading to low LH levels
Melatonin
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Pineal gland
Effect on target cells: Binds to melatonin receptors in the brain
Effect on body: Regulates sleep-wake cycles, promotes sleep
Hypo: Insomnia, sleep disorders
Hyper: Daytime sleepiness, disrupted sleep patterns
Relevant condition: Sleep disorders - such as insomnia due to melatonin deficiency or irregular production
Oxytocin
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Hypothalamus
Released from: Posterior pituitary gland
Effect on target cells: Stimulates uterine contractions, milk ejection in breastfeeding
Effect on body: Facilitates childbirth, promotes lactation, bonding behaviors
Hypo: Delayed labor, insufficient milk ejection
Hyper: Uterine hyperstimulation, water retention
Relevant condition: Postpartum hemorrhage - managed with oxytocin to stimulate uterine contractions
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Parathyroid glands
Effect on target cells: Increases osteoclast activity, enhances calcium reabsorption in kidneys, activates vitamin D
Effect on body: Raises blood calcium levels
Hypo: Hypoparathyroidism - hypocalcemia, tetany, muscle cramps
Hyper: Hyperparathyroidism - hypercalcemia, kidney stones, osteoporosis
Relevant condition: Hyperparathyroidism - excessive PTH leading to high blood calcium and bone loss
Progesterone
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Ovaries (corpus luteum)
Effect on target cells: Prepares endometrium for implantation, maintains pregnancy
Effect on body: Regulates menstrual cycle, supports pregnancy
Hypo: Irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, miscarriage
Hyper: Progesterone resistance, endometrial hyperplasia
Relevant condition: Luteal phase defect - insufficient progesterone production leading to infertility or recurrent pregnancy loss
Prolactin
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Anterior pituitary gland
Effect on target cells: Stimulates milk production in mammary glands
Effect on body: Promotes lactation
Hypo: Poor lactation, insufficient milk supply
Hyper: Hyperprolactinemia - galactorrhea, menstrual irregularities, infertility
Relevant condition: Hyperprolactinemia - excessive prolactin production causing menstrual irregularities and infertility
Testosterone
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Testes (Leydig cells)
Effect on target cells: Promotes development of male secondary sexual characteristics, spermatogenesis
Effect on body: Increases muscle mass, bone density, libido, red blood cell production
Hypo: Hypogonadism - decreased muscle mass, low libido, infertility
Hyper: Androgenic effects - increased aggression, acne, male pattern baldness
Relevant condition: Hypogonadism - reduced testosterone production causing decreased secondary sexual characteristics
Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Thyroid gland
Effect on target cells: Regulates metabolism, increases basal metabolic rate
Effect on body: Increases energy production, protein synthesis, and growth
Hypo: Hypothyroidism - fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance
Hyper: Hyperthyroidism - weight loss, heat intolerance, anxiety
Relevant condition: Hypothyroidism - insufficient thyroid hormone production leading to metabolic slowing
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Anterior pituitary gland
Effect on target cells: Stimulates thyroid hormone production and release from the thyroid gland
Effect on body: Regulates thyroid gland activity
Hypo: Hypothyroidism - fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance
Hyper: Hyperthyroidism - weight loss, heat intolerance, anxiety
Relevant condition: Hypothyroidism - elevated TSH due to feedback from low thyroid hormone levels
Vitamin D (Calcitriol)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Kidneys (conversion from precursors in skin and liver)
Effect on target cells: Increases calcium and phosphate absorption in the intestines
Effect on body: Maintains bone health, regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism
Hypo: Rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults
Hyper: Hypercalcemia - nausea, vomiting, weakness
Relevant condition: Rickets - softening of bones in children due to vitamin D deficiency
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Liver (stimulated by growth hormone)
Effect on target cells: Promotes cell growth and development, protein synthesis
Effect on body: Mediates effects of growth hormone, supports growth and development
Hypo: Growth retardation, short stature
Hyper: Acromegaly, gigantism
Relevant condition: Laron syndrome - insensitivity to growth hormone causing dwarfism
Ghrelin
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Stomach (gastric cells)
Effect on target cells: Stimulates appetite by binding to receptors in the hypothalamus
Effect on body: Increases hunger, promotes food intake
Hypo: Decreased appetite, weight loss
Hyper: Increased appetite, obesity
Relevant condition: Prader-Willi syndrome - genetic disorder with elevated ghrelin levels leading to hyperphagia and obesity
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Anterior pituitary gland
Effect on target cells: Stimulates cortisol production and release from the adrenal cortex
Effect on body: Regulates stress response, metabolism, and immune function
Hypo: Secondary adrenal insufficiency - fatigue, hypotension, hypoglycemia
Hyper: Cushing’s disease - central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia
Relevant condition: Cushing’s disease - pituitary adenoma causing excessive ACTH secretion
Somatostatin
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Pancreas (delta cells) and hypothalamus
Effect on target cells: Inhibits release of growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon
Effect on body: Regulates hormone secretion, slows gastric emptying
Hypo: Rare, generally not clinically significant
Hyper: Inhibition of insulin and glucagon release, hyperglycemia
Relevant condition: Somatostatinoma - rare tumor causing excessive somatostatin production
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Heart (atrial myocytes)
Effect on target cells: Promotes sodium and water excretion in kidneys, vasodilation
Effect on body: Reduces blood volume and blood pressure
Hypo: Hypertension, fluid retention
Hyper: Hypotension, dehydration
Relevant condition: Heart failure - elevated ANP levels as a compensatory response to fluid overload
Gastrin
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Stomach (G cells)
Effect on target cells: Stimulates acid secretion from parietal cells in the stomach
Effect on body: Increases gastric acidity, aids in digestion
Hypo: Hypochlorhydria, impaired digestion
Hyper: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - peptic ulcers, gastric hypersecretion
Relevant condition: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - gastrin-secreting tumors leading to excessive gastric acid production
Secretin
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Small intestine (S cells)
Effect on target cells: Stimulates bicarbonate secretion from pancreas, inhibits gastric acid secretion
Effect on body: Neutralizes stomach acid in the small intestine, facilitates digestion
Hypo: Duodenal ulcers, impaired digestion
Hyper: Rare, generally not clinically significant
Relevant condition: None typically associated
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Hypothalamus
Effect on target cells: Stimulates ACTH release from the anterior pituitary gland
Effect on body: Activates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol, regulates stress response
Hypo: Secondary adrenal insufficiency - fatigue, hypotension, hypoglycemia
Hyper: Cushing’s disease - central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia
Relevant condition: Cushing’s disease - excessive CRH leading to elevated ACTH and cortisol levels
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Hypothalamus
Effect on target cells: Stimulates FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary gland
Effect on body: Regulates reproductive function, stimulates gonadal hormone production
Hypo: Hypogonadism - infertility, amenorrhea, reduced secondary sexual characteristics
Hyper: Precocious puberty, overstimulation of gonads
Relevant condition: Hypogonadism - reduced function of gonads due to insufficient GnRH
Prostaglandins
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Various tissues (local synthesis)
Effect on target cells: Modulates inflammation, pain, and fever responses
Effect on body: Increases inflammation, pain sensitivity, and fever; regulates smooth muscle function
Hypo: Reduced inflammatory response, impaired healing
Hyper: Chronic inflammation, pain, fever
Relevant condition: Inflammatory diseases - such as rheumatoid arthritis with elevated prostaglandin levels
Thymosin
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Thymus
Effect on target cells: Promotes T-cell differentiation and maturation
Effect on body: Essential for adaptive immune response
Hypo: Immunodeficiency, increased susceptibility to infections
Hyper: Rare, generally not clinically significant
Relevant condition: DiGeorge syndrome - thymic hypoplasia leading to T-cell deficiency
Histamine
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Mast cells and basophils
Effect on target cells: Binds to histamine receptors, mediates inflammatory and allergic responses
Effect on body: Increases vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction, stimulates gastric acid secretion
Hypo: Reduced allergic and inflammatory response
Hyper: Allergic reactions, anaphylaxis, gastric hypersecretion
Relevant condition: Allergic rhinitis - excessive histamine release causing sneezing, itching, and nasal congestion
Angiotensin II
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Converted from angiotensin I in the blood (by ACE)
Effect on target cells: Binds to AT1 receptors, causing vasoconstriction, aldosterone release
Effect on body: Increases blood pressure, stimulates sodium retention
Hypo: Hypotension, dehydration
Hyper: Hypertension, fluid retention
Relevant condition: Hypertension - due to excessive angiotensin II activity
Renin
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Kidneys (juxtaglomerular cells)
Effect on target cells: Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Effect on body: Initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), regulates blood pressure
Hypo: Hypotension, dehydration
Hyper: Hypertension, fluid retention
Relevant condition: Renal artery stenosis - increased renin release due to reduced kidney perfusion
Leukotrienes
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Various cells (local synthesis, particularly leukocytes)
Effect on target cells: Mediates inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and vascular permeability
Effect on body: Promotes inflammatory response, asthma symptoms
Hypo: Reduced inflammatory response, impaired healing
Hyper: Chronic inflammation, asthma exacerbations
Relevant condition: Asthma - leukotriene-mediated bronchoconstriction and inflammation
Endorphins
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Pituitary gland and hypothalamus
Effect on target cells: Binds to opioid receptors, reduces pain perception
Effect on body: Analgesia, euphoria, stress reduction
Hypo: Increased pain sensitivity, depression
Hyper: Euphoria, potential for addiction
Relevant condition: Chronic pain - endorphin deficiency leading to increased pain perception
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Skin (conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol via UVB radiation)
Effect on target cells: Increases calcium and phosphate absorption in the intestines
Effect on body: Maintains bone health, regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism
Hypo: Rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults
Hyper: Hypercalcemia - nausea, vomiting, weakness
Relevant condition: Rickets - softening of bones in children due to vitamin D deficiency
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
(Secreted/released from, Cell effect, Systemic effect, Hypo, Hyper, Relevant Condition)
Secreted from: Hypothalamus
Cell effect: Stimulates thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release from the anterior pituitary gland
Systemic effect: Regulates thyroid hormone production, influences metabolism and growth
Hypo: Potential thyroid dysfunction, metabolic changes
Hyper: Rare, may affect thyroid function tests and metabolic processes
Relevant Condition: Hypothyroidism, thyroid disorders
