Paige's study guide Flashcards
Ages 5-12 are more focused on what?
Grammar and acquisition of certain forms.
Intelligibility speech is what?
a perceptual judgment made by a listener and is based on the percentage of words in a speech sample that are understood.
What are the intelligibility percentages at the following ages? 1, 2, 3, and 4
25, 50, 75, and 100
What three things should you look at when judging person’s intelligibility?
percentage of intelligibility
rate of speech
stimulability
What is stimulability data used for?
used for making decisions regarding case selections and identifying target sounds for intervention.
What does a child being able to imitate an error sound represent?
A young child acquiring phonology who can imitate error sounds suggests that the child may be in the process of acquiring those sounds.
What is frequency of occurence?
the higher the frequency of a sound in a language, the greater its potential effect on intelligibility.
Parent, teacher, and SLP report should do what?
Match
What are important points to note when analyzing a case study?
(10)
- orofacial exam
- Hearing loss concerns: otitis media-> speech delay
- Surgeries or childhood illnesses
- Genetic disorders: family background
- Neuro-motor Impairments of speech movement control.
- Dystharia
- Apraxia
- Comorbidity is when there is more than one disorder present.
- Dialect
- External and Internal Monitoring
What is apraxia?
Impairment of motor speech programming with little or no weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the speech musculature.
What is dystharia?
Slow, weak, imprecise, and uncoordinated movements of the speech musculature.
When looking at genetic disorders, what are the psychosocial factors?
- age
- gender
What do we need to know about age?
Maturation is generally not a factor in speech sound acquisition after age 9 in typically developing children.
What do we need to know about gender?
Boys develop a tiny bit slower than girls, may need speech services if significantly behind.
What do we need to consider when looking at the family background?
- Socioeconomic Status (SES)
- Familial tendencies
- Twin Studies
What do we need to know about SES?
there is no positive correlation between SES and speech sound disorders. Factors associated with SES may lead to speech sound disorders. A higher risk of having a speech sound disorder is truly based on a multitude of factors.
What do we need to know about familial tendencies?
- Genetics
- Twin studies
- Idioglossia
In regards to familial tendencies, what do we need to know about genetics?
hard to determine if speech sound disorders are fully genetic or if they occur based on environmental factors: certain genetic disorders like DS could increase risk of having a speech sound disorder.
In regards to familial tendencies, what do we need to know about twin studies?
prematurity of twins may be a factor, may be at a higher risk because they talk more to each other than to adults which may take away from the twins hearing proper speech.
In regards to familial tendencies, what do we need to know about idioglossia?
A unique pattern of speech that has little resemblance to adult models and meaning is only to the twins.
What should we know about sibling influence?
factor that may cause a speech sound disorder: siblings take away a parents ability to focus directly on one child at all times.
In regards to sibling influence, what is the 1st born more likely to do?
Reach their 50 word milestone at the appropriate time.
What should we know about personality?
certain personality characteristics have been linked to some children with developmental phonological impairments but more research is needed
What should we know about pacifier usage?
4
- Linked to dental problems
- Pacifier make take away from babbling time
- May lead to ear infections (hearing loss)
- Increased risk of a speech sound disorder with “PROLONGED” pacifier use
What is external monitoring?
monitoring the speech of others
What is internal monitoring?
evaluating one’s own ongoing speech sound productions
Why is external and internal monitoring important?
Important because: children will not try to produce sounds that they don’t know. If they are not monitoring speech will they be able to produce it?
What are two questions you should ask yourself when assessing the child?
- Can the child: perceive the sound, discriminate the sound, and are they stimulable?
- Is the child’s speech affecting their academics? **
In regards to planning, what should you do when few errors are present?
children that have a small number of sound errors the clinician might want to work simultaneously on all error productions
In regards to planning, what should you do when multiple errors are present?
similar to how you would treat children with few errors but additional considerations need to be made
When can a decision be made regarding intervention?
After reviewing the intelligibility, severity of phonological problem, appropriateness of productions, the error patterns, together with stimulability
Children ages 2.5-3 who are unintelligible are usually recommended for what?
early intervention programs
When are children a candidate for intervention?
Children 3 years or older who have problems with intelligibility or phonological problems are normally candidates for intervention.
Children age _______ and below whose phonological performance is at least _______ SD below the mean for their age should be a candidate for intervention.
8
1
Children age ______ years or older are recommended for intervention if they consistently produce __________ _____________. (residual or persistent errors)
9
speech errors
Before deciding on a specific treatment methodology, you should consider what factors?
(7)
- Severity of problem
- How many targets will be selected
- Which targets need to be focused on at a motor level and which need to be focused on from a rule basis
- How many targets will be worked on in a given session and for how long
- How frequently will sessions be held and for how long
- Type of instruction– small group or individual?
- Overall structure of intervention
What refers to an individual’s awareness of the sounds and sound structure within a language?
It is an umbrella term often used to encompass shallow and deep levels of awareness.
phonological awareness (PA)
Phonological awareness is important in the development of the awareness of what?
(4)
− Awareness of Rhyme
− Awareness of Syllables: typically emerge around age 4
− Awareness of Alliteration
− Awareness of Phonemes
What is the most difficult phonological awareness activities involving explicit manipulation of phonemes?
learning to read
What specifically about learning to read is hard?
phoneme blending (e.g., /d/ /a/ /g/ = dog) and phoneme segmentation (cat is made up of the phonemes /k/ /a/ /t/) are tasks that reflect deep levels of phoneme awareness.
Though phonological awareness is intimately linked to reading success, the relationship is not what?
causal or predictive in nature
What also plays a crucial role in reading development?
letter identification and letter sound correspondence skills
Children with good PA and good letter-sound correspondence skills will likely be more _______________ _____________ whereas children with poor skills in these areas will __________ __________ _____________.
successful readers
struggle with decoding
