Page 5 Flashcards
Conditioned Stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits the response effected by the unconditioned stimulus itself.
Token Economy
a type of psychotherapy in which the inmates of an institution are rewarded for good behaviour with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges
Aversive Counterconditioning
is the use of something unpleasant, or a punishment, to stop an unwanted behavior – and replace with a desirable one.
Assertiveness Training
a form of behavior therapy designed to help people stand up for themselves—to empower themselves, in more contemporary terms
Premack Principle
states that more probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors.
Contingency Contract
a type of intervention that is used to increase desirable behaviors or decrease undesirable ones.
Implosive Therapy
a form of behavior therapy involving intensive recollection and review of anxiety-producing situations or events in a patient’s life in an attempt to develop more appropriate responses to similar situations in the future.
Albert Ellis
was an American psychologist who in 1955 developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).
Rationality
the quality or state of being agreeable to reason. An action, belief, or desire is rational if we ought to choose it.
Irrationality
cognition, thinking, talking or acting without inclusion of rationality. It is more specifically described as an action or opinion given through inadequate use of reason, emotional distress, or cognitive deficiency
Activating Event
The “things” that happen, these “things” can be almost anything i.e. events that happen around us or to us, thoughts, and feelings, etc
Beliefs
an acceptance that a statement is true or that something exists, trust, faith, or confidence in someone or something
Behavioral Consequences
have a direct influence on the behavior a child exhibit; because behavior can be modified,increased, initiated, or extinguished, by systematic manipulation of its consequences. The possible consequences of human behavior are classified as positive reinforcement, extinction, negative reinforcement, and punishment.
Target Problem
(1) In case-level evaluation designs, the problems social workers seek to solve for their clients; (2) A measurable behavior, feeling, or cognition that is either a problem in itself or symptomatic of some other problem.
Emotional Disturbance
A product/outcome of making logical errors that tilt objective reality in the direction of self deprecation. Ex. “I am totally to blame for my divorce.” Developed by Albert Ellis
RET
Founded by Albert Ellis, Rational Emotive Therapy
ABC Model
Activating Event, Irrational Beliefs, Consequences of such beliefs.
developed by Albert Ellis
Aaron Beck
Founder of Cognitive Therapy
Automatic Thoughts
A Concept within Beck’s Cognitive Therapy model whereby the approach is to focus on an individual’s automatic thoughts reflect underlying basic assumptions
Cognitive Schemas
Internal frame of reference of thinking set in his or her mind in early childhood that guides basic assumptions or automatic thoughts aka Core Beliefs
Cognitive Distortions
One’e automatic thoughts often contain errors or, cognitive distortion
Dichotomous Thinking
Viewing things in one of two extreme categories.
Arbitrary Inference
Making a conclusion without sufficient evidence or even with contradictory evidence)
Selective Abstraction
Coming to a conclusion based only on a detail taken out of context while ignoring other relevant information
Catastrophizing
An aspect of arbitrary inference whereby one thinks of the absolute worst scenario and outcomes for most situation
Overgeneralization
Applying a general rule from isolated incidents to other inappropriate or unrelated situations
Labeling & Mislabeling
Involves portraying one’s identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one’s true identity
Magnification or Minimization
Viewing something a much greater or significantly less that it really is
Personalization
Is a tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves even when there is no evidence for making this connection
Underlying Assumptions
Paired with automatic thoughts, Beck’s automatic assumptions are part of our basic beliefs about life thought to be set in early childhood
Irrational Thoughts
“Should” “Must” “have to” “ought to”
A component of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. It is the assumption of “crooked” thinking. Example: “I must perform important tasks competently and perfectly well.”
Self-Monitoring
Involves the client keeping careful daily records of specific behaviors. Example: frequency of hand washing
Stimulus Control
Term used to describe situations in which a behavior is triggered by thepresence or absence of some stimulus. Example: if you always eat when you watch TV, you’re eating behavior is controlled by the stimulus of watching TV.
Self-Reinforcement
Is a process whereby individuals control their own behavior by rewarding themselves when a certain standard of performance has been attained or surpassed
Self-Punishment
Self-punishment (or the “need for punishment”) is a tendency, postulated by Freud, which drives certain subjects to inflict suffering upon themselves and search out painful situations, for the purpose of neutralizing a feeling of unconscious guilt.
Biofeedback
Biofeedback, or applied psychophysiological feedback, is a patient-guided treatment that teaches an individual to control muscle tension, pain, body temperature, brain waves, and other bodily functions and processes through relaxation, visualization, and other cognitive control techniques. The name biofeedback refers to the biological signals that are fed back, or returned, to the patient in order for the patient to develop techniques of manipulating them
Identified Patient
Identified patient, or “IP”, is a term used in a clinical setting to describe the person in a dysfunctional family who has been subconsciously selected to act out the family’s inner conflicts as a diversion
System
Western culture is the adaption of “systems” perspective. Systemic therapist explores the system for family process and rules, perhaps using a genogram. It represents a set of unit that stands in some consistent relationship to one another
Boundaries
A personal characteristic of an effective counselor: they are able to maintain healthy boundaries. It is seen as the degree of emotional connection, dependence, support, and influence between different subsystems with the family, and between these subsystems and other social systems.
Homeostasis
Humans seek balance in their lives. When things are out of order or imbalanced, it tends to cause problems. This is true particularly with regard to our internal state or well-being. Homeostasis refers to this tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state that is optimal for functioning. A dynamic state of balance or equilibrium in a system, or a tendency toward achieving and maintaining such a state in an effort to ensure a stable environment.
Double-Bind
This technique is often used by strategic and systemic family therapists who may directively instruct families to persist in their problem behaviors, thus putting them into a therapeutic double bind. Paradoxical intervention- Example: Couples who often argue are encouraged to argue even more
Triangulation
Key concept described by Bowen, referring to process in which three people are involved in a two- against- one experience. Example: married couple with marital conflict and tension pill in their teenage daughter as a third person to help stabilize their conflict rather than dealing with it more directly by themselves.
Enmeshment
This is one way therapist describes and thinks of families as being.
Enmeshment is a description of a relationship between two or more people in which personal boundaries are permeable and unclear. This often happens on an emotional level in which two people “feel” each other’s emotions, or when one person becomes emotionally escalated and the other family member does as well.
DIsengagement
This is one way therapist describes and thinks of families as being.
The action or process of withdrawing from involvement in a particular activity, situation, or group; emotional detachment.
Differentiation
Differentiation of self, or one’s ability to have a separate sense of self independent from the family and also one’s ability to differentiate between ones intellect and ones feelings, is crucial for the healthy functioning of the individual in his or her family.
Individuation
A specific process described by object relations theorists. Refers to how an individual can separate from his or her mother and develop into an independent person
System Disturbance
Seen in the disturbance of a family system. A situation in which the psychological disturbance of one parent dominates the family’s interactions.
Eclectic
Not following any one system, as of philosophy, medicine, etc., but selecting and using what are considered the best elements of all systems
Jay Adams
book Competent to Counsel in 1970. It is from that book that Adams developed what is known as nouthetic counseling(is a form of pastoral counseling that holds that counselling should be based solely upon the Bible and focused upon sin, and that repudiating mainstream psychology and psychiatry as humanistic, radically secular and fundamentally opposed to Christianity) Over time, Adams has become a popular advocate of “strictly biblical approaches” to counseling, whose “perspectives are influencing evangelical Christianity today.
Imago Dei
“Image of God” A theological term, applied uniquely to humans, which denotes the symbolical relation between God and humanity. The term has its roots in Genesis 1:27, wherein “God created man in his own image. . .”
Paraclete
noun: 1. An advocate or intercessor. 2. ( initial capital letter ) the holy spirit; the Comforter
Cybernetics
noun (used with a singular verb) the study of human control functions and of mechanical and electronic systems designed to replace them, involving the application of statistical mechanics to communication engineering
Circular Causality
Circular causality is a series of events that are influenced by the preceding events. While using A, B and C as an examples we can illustrate circular causality. This means that A causes B to happen and B causes C to happen
