Page 4,5,6 - Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

Question 1

Countries most vulnerable to climate change and rising temperature showed rising levels of

Answer 1

AMR pathogens

Question 2

2 methods of bacteria develop AMR

Answer 2

1. DNA Mutations
2. Acquiring mobile genetic elements from other microorganisms

Question 3

DNA mutations occur randomly however antimicrobial treatment at sub-therapeutic levels can trigger genome-wide

Answer 3

hypermutations

Question 4

Subtherapeutic antimicrobial use also places _ _ on microbial populations

Answer 4

selection pressure

Question 5

A common mechanism of AMR involves DNA mutations within genes coding enzymes that use _, they can also modify _ targets, and proteins affecting _ _

Answer 5

antimicrobials, protein, membrane permeability

Question 6

Mobile Genetic Elements can be transferred from one organism to another by _ or _ or _

Answer 6

Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation

Question 7

Transformation is when foreign DNA containing _ gene is incorporated into the genome by _

Answer 7

AMR, recombination

Question 8

Transduction is when _ (virus that infects bacterium) found in wastewater transfer DNA containing AMR gene between _

Answer 8

bacteriophages, bacteria

Question 9

Conjugation is when a bacterial _ containing AMR gene is transferred across _ _ that can form between _

Answer 9

plasmid, membrane channel, bacteria

Question 10

Antimicrobial Misuse occurs when the wrong _ is used, wrong _ is used, _ antimicrobials are used, poor / antimicrobials are used, _ _ isn’t followed, inappropriate _ methods

Answer 10

antibiotic, dosage, banned, quality, expired, treatment period, disposal

Question 11

_ is when antimicrobials are administered to livestock to prevent disease instead of treating

Answer 11

Overuse

Question 12

Largest Drivers of AMR

Answer 12

Human and Animal overuse

Question 13

Other drivers of AMR

Answer 13

Heavy Metals, Biocides, N fertilizers

Question 14

Reversing AMR by _ use of antimicrobials, the rational behind this is that it may lower _ _, allowing _ that are not AMR to dominate

Answer 14

limiting, selection pressure, microbes

Question 15

In concern to AGPs and prolonging the use of Therapeutic Antimicrobials what should be done

Answer 15

Ban AGPs

Question 16

In concern to access to feed and prolonging the use of Therapeutic Antimicrobials what should be done

Answer 16

Increase access to non-medicated feed

Question 17

In concern to antimicrobials and prolonging the use of Therapeutic Antimicrobials what should be done

Answer 17

Restriction, replacing antimicrobials from another class, personalized treatment, monitoring dose, testing quality

Question 18

In concern to preventing introducing new pathogens on farm and prolonging the use of Therapeutic Antimicrobials what should be done

Answer 18

On-farm biosecurity program

Question 19

Research priorities for antimicrobials include _ _ antimicrobials and _ approaches

Answer 19

developing new, alternative

Question 20

Examples of alternative approaches include

Answer 20

Nutrition, Pre&Pro-biotics, Gene-editing, Enhancing host immune response