Page 4,5,6 - Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Flashcards
Countries most vulnerable to climate change and rising temperature showed rising levels of
AMR pathogens
2 methods of bacteria develop AMR
- DNA Mutations
- Acquiring mobile genetic elements from other microorganisms
DNA mutations occur randomly however antimicrobial treatment at sub-therapeutic levels can trigger genome-wide
hypermutations
Subtherapeutic antimicrobial use also places _ _ on microbial populations
selection pressure
A common mechanism of AMR involves DNA mutations within genes coding enzymes that use _, they can also modify _ targets, and proteins affecting _ _
antimicrobials, protein, membrane permeability
Mobile Genetic Elements can be transferred from one organism to another by _ or _ or _
Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation
Transformation is when foreign DNA containing _ gene is incorporated into the genome by _
AMR, recombination
Transduction is when _ (virus that infects bacterium) found in wastewater transfer DNA containing AMR gene between _
bacteriophages, bacteria
Conjugation is when a bacterial _ containing AMR gene is transferred across _ _ that can form between _
plasmid, membrane channel, bacteria
Antimicrobial Misuse occurs when the wrong _ is used, wrong _ is used, _ antimicrobials are used, poor / antimicrobials are used, _ _ isn’t followed, inappropriate _ methods
antibiotic, dosage, banned, quality, expired, treatment period, disposal
_ is when antimicrobials are administered to livestock to prevent disease instead of treating
Overuse
Largest Drivers of AMR
Human and Animal overuse
Other drivers of AMR
Heavy Metals, Biocides, N fertilizers
Reversing AMR by _ use of antimicrobials, the rational behind this is that it may lower _ _, allowing _ that are not AMR to dominate
limiting, selection pressure, microbes
In concern to AGPs and prolonging the use of Therapeutic Antimicrobials what should be done
Ban AGPs
In concern to access to feed and prolonging the use of Therapeutic Antimicrobials what should be done
Increase access to non-medicated feed
In concern to antimicrobials and prolonging the use of Therapeutic Antimicrobials what should be done
Restriction, replacing antimicrobials from another class, personalized treatment, monitoring dose, testing quality
In concern to preventing introducing new pathogens on farm and prolonging the use of Therapeutic Antimicrobials what should be done
On-farm biosecurity program
Research priorities for antimicrobials include _ _ antimicrobials and _ approaches
developing new, alternative
Examples of alternative approaches include
Nutrition, Pre&Pro-biotics, Gene-editing, Enhancing host immune response
