Page 1 & 2 - Overview & Usage Flashcards
4 Classes of Antimicrobials
anti-biotics, anti-fungals, anti-virals, anti-parasitics
Top Users of Livestock Antibiotics
China, Brazil, India, US, Austria
Top Users of Fish Antibiotics
China, India, Indonesia, Vietnam
Majority of antibiotics is excreted in
feces and urine
5 reasons why is antimicrobial usage so high?
- Increasing livestock productivity
- Increasing product quality
- Improving product uniformity
- Improving animal welfare by reducing disease
- Reducing risk of zoonosis
Antimicrobials increase productivity by
Promoting growth & reducing production loss to disease
At sub therapeutic concentrations antimicrobials in _ and _ are referred to as _ _ _
water, feed, antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs)
Proof AGPs improve growth of _ and _ under poor hygiene conditions
pig, chicken
If AGPs are used in production systems that have improved housing, feed, and water quality AGPs may
be less effective and cut into profit margins
AGP Mechanisms of Action
interaction with the microbiome and promoting gut immunity
Interacting with the microbiome will change _ _, reduce _ _ for nutrients, and reduce _ _ microbial metabolites
microbial populations, microbial competition, growth inhibiting
Promoting gut immunity _ _ is reduced, and controls host _ _
gut inflammation, immune response
Excessive inflammation in gut may be triggered by certain pathogens to avoid _ _
immune detection
The host anti-inflammatory response is physiologically costly, the energy required for _ is redirected to immune-related _ production, pro-inflammatory cytokines induce _ and _ _, inflammation can damage _ barrier and _
growth, protein, anorexia, protein catabolism, gut, function
Mass administration to livestock is used as a preventative measure but is used more appropriately to
treat already sick livestock
