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Question 1

alkyl halides

Answer 1

Alkyl halides are organic molecules containing a halogen atom (X) bonded to a carbon atom that is sp³ hybridized.
Halogens:
X=F,Cl,Br,I.

Question 2

classification of alkyl halide

Answer 2

Classification:
Primary (1°): The carbon atom bonded to the halogen is attached to one alkyl group (R).
Example:
CH3−CH2−Cl(ethyl chloride).
Secondary (2°): The carbon atom bonded to the halogen is attached to two alkyl groups.
Example:
(CH3)2−CH−Cl (isopropyl chloride).
Tertiary (3°): The carbon atom bonded to the halogen is attached to three alkyl groups.
Example:
(CH3)3−C−Cl(tert-butyl chloride).

Question 3

structure of alkyl halide

Answer 3

Structure:
The halogen is directly attached to an sp³ hybridized carbon, making the molecule polar due to the electronegativity difference between carbon and the halogen.
The polarity of the C-X bond influences the reactivity of alkyl halides in substitution and elimination reactions.

Question 4

Reactivity of alkyl halides

Answer 4

The bond strength and leaving group ability depend on the halogen atom:
C−F (strong bond) is less reactive.
C−I(weak bond) is more reactive.

Question 5

Applications of alkyl halide

Answer 5

Alkyl halides are important in organic synthesis, particularly in nucleophilic substitution (SN1 and SN2 and elimination reactions (E1 and E2).

Question 6

What is a primary (1°) alkyl halide?
Answer:

Answer 6

An alkyl halide where the carbon bonded to the halogen is attached to only one alkyl group.

Question 7

Give an example of a secondary (2°) alkyl halide.

Answer 7

Answer:
(CH3)2−CH−Cl(isopropyl chloride).

Question 8

What distinguishes a tertiary (3°) alkyl halide?

Answer 8

Answer: The carbon atom bonded to the halogen is attached to three alkyl groups.

Question 9

Why are alkyl halides polar molecules?

Answer 9

Answer: Due to the electronegativity difference between carbon and the halogen.

Question 10

Which alkyl halide is more reactive:
CH3−I or
CH3−F?

Answer 10

Answer:
CH3−I, because iodine is a better leaving group.

Question 11

Which reaction mechanisms are alkyl halides commonly involved in?

Answer 11

Answer: Nucleophilic substitution (SN1, SN2) and elimination (E1, E2).

Question 12

Why do primary alkyl halides favor S
N2reactions?

Answer 12

Answer: They are less sterically hindered, allowing nucleophiles to attack easily.