Paeds cardiology Flashcards
Innocent murmur definition and cause
Innocent murmurs are also known as flow murmurs. They are very common in children. They are caused by fast blood flow through various areas of the heart during systole.
Innocent murmurs have typical features, all beginning with S:
- Soft
- Short
- Systolic
- Symptomless
- Situation dependent, particularly if the murmur gets quieter with standing or only appears when the child is unwell or feverish
Clear innocent murmurs with no concerning features may not require any investigations. Features that would prompt further investigations and referral to a paediatric cardiologist would be:
- Murmur louder than 2/6
- Diastolic murmurs
- Louder on standing
- Other symptoms such as failure to thrive, feeding difficulty, cyanosis or shortness of breath
The key investigations to establish the cause of a murmur and rule out abnormalities in a child are:
ECG
Chest Xray
Echocardiography
The differentials of a pan-systolic murmur and where they are heard loudest are:
The differentials of an ejection-systolic murmur and where they are heard loudest are:
Explain the cause of splitting of the second heart sound
Atrial septal defect cause which type of murmur which is heard loudest where?
Patent ductus arteriosus causes which type of murmur
Tetralogy of Fallot gives rise to which type of murmur?
Pathophysiology of cyanosis in cyanotic heart disease
Heart defects that can cause cyanotic heart disease, are:
PDA pathophysiology including the consequences of having PDA
PDA presentation
PDA definition including causes
PDA murmur
How is PDA diagnosed including findings?
ASD definition
defect (a hole) in the septum (the wall) between the two atria. This connects the right and left atria allowing blood to flow between them.
ASD pathophysiology including what it leads to
The types of atrial septal defect from most to least common are:
Complications of ASD
Atrial septal defect causes which type of murmur which is heard loudest where?
ASD presentation
ASD management
VSD definition and associated syndromes
VSD pathophysiology and what it leads to
VSD presentation
VSD murmur and where it’s loudest. Also give differentials of this type of murmur
VSD treatment
Patients with VSD have n increased risk of:
infective endocarditis
Coarctation of the aorta definition, associated conditions, pathophysiology
Coarctation of the aorta presentation, examination findings and type of murmur
Coarctation of the aorta management
Transposition of the great arteries definition
Transposition of the great arteries associated with:
Ventricular septal defect
Coarctation of the aorta
Pulmonary stenosis
Biggest threat and complication with transposition of the great arteries? Immediate survival with this condition depends on:
Transposition of the great arteries presentation and diagnosis
Management of Transposition of the great arteries
Tetralogy of Fallot definition
Tetralogy of Fallot pathophysiology
Risk factors to Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot presentation and diagnosis including murmur
Tetralogy of Fallot signs and symptoms
What are Tet spells and why do they happen? How could they present
Tet spells treatment options
Tetralogy of Fallot Management and prognosis
Investigations for tetralogy of Fallot
VSD increases risk of which cardiac condition?
VSD increases risk of endocarditis
what pulse abnormality is most commonly associated with patent ductus arteriosus
Patent ductus arteriosus - large volume, bounding, collapsing pulse
differences in timeline presentation between TGA and TOF
Cyanotic congenital heart disease presenting within the first days of life is TGA.
Cyanotic congenital heart disease presenting at 1-2 months of age is TOF
TGA vs TOF presentation age
Cyanotic congenital heart disease presenting within the first days of life is TGA.
Cyanotic congenital heart disease presenting at 1-2 months of age is TOF
venous hum definition and characteristics
Venous hum is a benign murmur heard in children and sounds like a continuous blowing noise heard below the clavicles
