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Year 4 Paeds- A > Paeds cardiology > Flashcards

Paeds cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Innocent murmur definition and cause

A

Innocent murmurs are also known as flow murmurs. They are very common in children. They are caused by fast blood flow through various areas of the heart during systole.

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2
Q

Innocent murmurs have typical features, all beginning with S:

A
  • Soft
  • Short
  • Systolic
  • Symptomless
  • Situation dependent, particularly if the murmur gets quieter with standing or only appears when the child is unwell or feverish
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3
Q

Clear innocent murmurs with no concerning features may not require any investigations. Features that would prompt further investigations and referral to a paediatric cardiologist would be:

A
  • Murmur louder than 2/6
  • Diastolic murmurs
  • Louder on standing
  • Other symptoms such as failure to thrive, feeding difficulty, cyanosis or shortness of breath
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4
Q

The key investigations to establish the cause of a murmur and rule out abnormalities in a child are:

A

ECG
Chest Xray
Echocardiography

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5
Q

The differentials of a pan-systolic murmur and where they are heard loudest are:

A
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6
Q

The differentials of an ejection-systolic murmur and where they are heard loudest are:

A
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7
Q

Explain the cause of splitting of the second heart sound

A
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8
Q

Atrial septal defect cause which type of murmur which is heard loudest where?

A
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9
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus causes which type of murmur

A
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10
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot gives rise to which type of murmur?

A
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11
Q

Pathophysiology of cyanosis in cyanotic heart disease

A
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12
Q

Heart defects that can cause cyanotic heart disease, are:

A
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13
Q

PDA pathophysiology including the consequences of having PDA

A
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14
Q

PDA presentation

A
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15
Q

PDA definition including causes

A
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16
Q

PDA murmur

A
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17
Q

How is PDA diagnosed including findings?

A
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18
Q

ASD definition

A

defect (a hole) in the septum (the wall) between the two atria. This connects the right and left atria allowing blood to flow between them.

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19
Q

ASD pathophysiology including what it leads to

A
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20
Q

The types of atrial septal defect from most to least common are:

A
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21
Q

Complications of ASD

A
22
Q

Atrial septal defect causes which type of murmur which is heard loudest where?

A
23
Q

ASD presentation

A
24
Q

ASD management

A
25
Q

VSD definition and associated syndromes

A
26
Q

VSD pathophysiology and what it leads to

A
27
Q

VSD presentation

A
28
Q

VSD murmur and where it’s loudest. Also give differentials of this type of murmur

A
29
Q

VSD treatment

A
30
Q

Patients with VSD have n increased risk of:

A

infective endocarditis

31
Q

Coarctation of the aorta definition, associated conditions, pathophysiology

A
32
Q

Coarctation of the aorta presentation, examination findings and type of murmur

A
33
Q

Coarctation of the aorta management

A
34
Q

Transposition of the great arteries definition

A
35
Q

Transposition of the great arteries associated with:

A

Ventricular septal defect
Coarctation of the aorta
Pulmonary stenosis

36
Q

Biggest threat and complication with transposition of the great arteries? Immediate survival with this condition depends on:

A
37
Q

Transposition of the great arteries presentation and diagnosis

A
38
Q

Management of Transposition of the great arteries

A
39
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot definition

A
40
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot pathophysiology

A
41
Q

Risk factors to Tetralogy of Fallot

A
42
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot presentation and diagnosis including murmur

A
43
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot signs and symptoms

A
44
Q

What are Tet spells and why do they happen? How could they present

A
45
Q

Tet spells treatment options

A
46
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot Management and prognosis

A
47
Q

Investigations for tetralogy of Fallot

A
48
Q

VSD increases risk of which cardiac condition?

A

VSD increases risk of endocarditis

49
Q

what pulse abnormality is most commonly associated with patent ductus arteriosus

A

Patent ductus arteriosus - large volume, bounding, collapsing pulse

50
Q

differences in timeline presentation between TGA and TOF

A

Cyanotic congenital heart disease presenting within the first days of life is TGA.
Cyanotic congenital heart disease presenting at 1-2 months of age is TOF

51
Q

TGA vs TOF presentation age

A

Cyanotic congenital heart disease presenting within the first days of life is TGA.
Cyanotic congenital heart disease presenting at 1-2 months of age is TOF

52
Q

venous hum definition and characteristics

A

Venous hum is a benign murmur heard in children and sounds like a continuous blowing noise heard below the clavicles

Year 4 Paeds- A (15 decks)

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