Paediatrics Flashcards
(204 cards)
What are the 3 main causes of microcytic anaemia?
How is iron absorbed I want 4 steps
Iron deficient anaemia (poor intake or absorption i.e coeliac)
Anaemia of chronic disease
Sickle Celled Disease or thalassaemia
- It is absorbed in the duodenum and is AT into the duodenum It is incorporated to make ferritin. The iron that does not bind to the ferritin is released into the blood. This binds to the protein transferrin and is used in the plasma to the bone marrow.
What is the clinical presentation of microcytic anaemia?
How do you treat iron deficient
How do you treat of chronic disease (cause IBD, cancer and RA)
- Fatigue
- SOB and poor feeding
- Pallor
- Angular stomatitis
- Brittle hair and nails
- Pica: inappropriat eating of non food
Treatment:
- Iron deficient: this is improve diet and give iron tablets
- Chronic disease: give the patient EPO and treat cause
What will the blood work in iron deficient anaemia look like?
FBC and blood film: will show microcytic and hypo-chromic anaemia
Low serum ferritin
Low reticulocyte count
In comparison with anaemia of chronic disease the serum ferritin will be normal
What is the definition of a seizure?
What are 4 Causes of epilepsy?
What are 4 causes of non-epilepsy?
Seizure is when you get a sudden disturbances in the neurological function: due to abnormal neuronal firing.
4 causes of epilepsy:
- Idiopathic
- Malignancy
- Cerebral malformation
- Cerebral vascular event
4 causes of non epilepsy:
- Drug induced (toxins)
- Hypoglycaemia
- Neurogenic
- Head trauma and meningitis
Vaccinations: what get given at 8 weeks (9 things)
Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping Cough, Polio, Haemophilus influenza and Hep B
Pneumococcal
MenB
Rotavirus
What vaccinations get given at 12 weeks? 7 things
Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping Cough, Polio, Haemophilus influenza and Hep B
Rota virus
What vaccinations get done at 16 weeks? 8 things
Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping Cough, Polio, Haemophilus influenza and Hep B
Pneumococcal
Men B
What vaccinations are done at 1 year?
HiB and Men C
Pneumococcal
Measles Mumps and Rubells (MMR vaccination 1)
Men B
What vaccinations are provided yearly for eligible groups?
Influenza vaccination
What vaccinations are provided at 3 years and 4 months?
MMR (vaccination 2)
Diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio
Boys and girls aged 12-13?
HPV virus (protects against 16,18, 6 and 11)
What is given at 14 yrs old?
Tetanus
Diphtheria
Polio
Men ACWY
What is given to people aged 70?
Shingles vaccination
When is the whooping cough vaccination given to pregnant women?
At 16 weeks
Give flu vaccination at any stage
What is the inner ear made up of?
the hearing and balance organs
This includes: cochlea, utricle, saccule and vestibule
What embryologically is the ear made from?
What can embryology cause to a child?
It is made from the 1st and 2nd branch of the pharyngeal arch
Problems with big ears, absent outer ear or absence of the auricle
What layer of tissue is the ear made from?
What type of tissue is the nose containing?
The tissue is ectoderm
The tissue in the nose is erectile tissue
How to you control epistaxis of the nose?
You can use nasal tampons
Use naseptin
Silver nitrate cautery
What is affected in otitis external?
There is the outer ear:
External acoustic meatus and pinnacle
Who does Glue ear affect ? What are RF: What cause it? What are 3 symptoms What are the mangement?
Anyone under the age of 12 but is increased in ages 2-5
Down’s Syndrome and Allergic Rhinitis
In children there are more narrow Eustachian tubes. This makes it harder to have a change in air and fluid pressure. This results in fluid being passed into nearby cells. Can lead to a vacuum forming and fluid to seep out of the middle ear.
Ear pain (ear tugging)
Deafness
Change in personality or decreased effort at school
Management: this includes:
- Watch and Wait
- Ballon treatment
- Grommets
- Hearing aids
What are grommets and how do they work?
happens when you make a slit in the ear drum. Drain the fluid and add a grommet.
This allow air to get into the ear and improves hearing. Grommets eventually fall out after 6-12 months
This is why Glue ear doesn’t affect adults as the Eustachian tubes are wider
What are the 4 main layers of the adrenal gland?
Outside to the inside:
- Zona Glomerulosa (aldosterone0
- Zona Fasiculata (cortisol)
- Zona Reticularis (androgens)
Medulla (adrenaline)
How is cortisol released: mention all the stimulation and what it stimulates
Cortisol Releasing Hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus
This then stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH
ACTH then acts on the Zona Fasciulta in the adrenal gland and causes it to release cortisol
Cortisol stimulates androgen release from the Zona Reticularis
Adrenaline release from the medulla
What does cortisol do? 3 things
Anti-inflammatory
Causes the breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
Lead to a lowered immune response