Paediatrics Flashcards
Neonatal heart rate
110-160
Neonatal respiratory rate
40-60
Neonatal systolic BP
70
Heart rate of 1-5yo
95-140
Respiratory rate of 1-5yo
25-35
Systolic BP of 1-5yo
80-90
Heart rate of 5-12yo
80-120
Respiratory rate of 5-12yo
20-25
Systolic BP of 5-12yo
90-110
Respiratory rate of >12yo
12-18
Heart rate of >12yo
60-100
Systolic BP of >12yo
100-120
Causes of Unconjugated jaundice within 1st 24 hours of life
Haemolytic disorders
- ABO incompatibility - Rh disease - G6PD deficiency - spherocytosis - pyruvate kinase deficiency
Causes of conjugated jaundice within 1st 24hours of life
Rare - congenital infections
Causes of Unconjugated jaundice after 1st 24 hours but lasting a few weeks only
Physiological jaundice Breast milk jaundice Cephalohaematoma Infection (esp UTI) Haemolytic anaemia Hypothyroidism Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Causes of conjugated jaundice after 1st 24 hours but lasting a few weeks only
Bile duct obstruction - biliary atresia - choledochal cyst Neonatal hepatitis syndrome - congenital infection - alpha1 anti-trypsin deficiency - galactosaemia - inborn error of metabolism - CF Intrahepatic biliary hypoplasia - Alagille syndrome
Causes of Unconjugated jaundice lasting >2weeks
Physiological jaundice
Breast milk jaundice
Infection
Hypothyroidism
Haemolytic anaemia
High GI obstruction
- pyloric stenosisCauses of conjugated jaundice lasting >2weeks
Bile duct obstruction
- biliary atresia
- choledochal cyst
Neonatal hepatitis syndrome
- congenital infection
- alpha1 anti-trypsin deficiency
- galactosaemia
- inborn error of metabolism
- CF
Intrahepatic biliary hypoplasia
- Alagille syndromeEmergency management of asthma
High flow O2
Salbutamol (5mg) nebulised on 02
Ipratropium bromide (0.5mg) nebulised on O2
IV hydrocortisone (100mg) / PO prednisone (40mg)
IV salbutamol or aminophylline
IV Magnesium
ICU - intubate and ventilate
Define infantile colic
Distressed/crying infant for : > 3 weeks for >3 hours / day for >3 days / week In an otherwise healthy infant. Common.
Syx of infantile colic
Inconsolable crying
Red face
Drawing up knees
Flatus
DDX of infantile colic - to exclude
Physical discomfort - cold, wet, hungry Severe nappy rash Corneal abrasion Intussusception Volvulus Strangulated hernia Testicular torsion NAI
Managing infantile colic
Support parent + ease concerns
Advice regarding feeding regieme, room temperature, clothing
Substitute cows milk with soya milk
Simethicone may help syx
Congenital cyanotic heart diseases
Tetralogy of fallot
Transposition of the great arteries
Congenital non-cyanotic heart disease
Coarctation of the aorta Aortic stenosis PDA VSD ASD
Presentations of croup
Starts as viral URTI Progresses to include barking cough Hoarseness. Syx worse at night. Stridor may be heard at rest or when the child is agitated.
At what age can a newborn smile spontaneously
6 weeks
What could cause a child to have peeling skin on the palms and soles
Kawasaki’s
What is talipes equinovarus
Club foot
Foot is inverted and plantar flexed
Commonest cause of recurrent epistaxis in children
Nose picking
Risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip
Family history Breech delivery Spinal abnormality Neuromuscular abnormality Oligohydramnios
Presentation of developmental dysplasia of the hip
Neonatal screening Asymmetrical skin creases Limited abduction Shortening of the limb Limp
Presentation of posterior urethral valve
Male only
Urinary tract obstruction
What bacteria causes meningitis In neonates
Group B streptococcus
Listeria
What bacteria causes meningitis In children
Haemophilus Influenza
Neisseria meningitidis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Genetic inheritance of achondroplasia
autosomal dominant with complete penetrance
but > 80% of cases are spontaneous mutations
