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General Medicine > Other > Flashcards

Other Flashcards

0
Q

How many L/min should you put nasal cannulae on?

A

1-4 (no more than 6) litres/L

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1
Q

Approximate oxygen delivery of nasal cannulae

A

24-44 %

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2
Q

Causes of macroglossia

A

Down’s syndrome
Acromegally
Congenital hypothyroidism
Amyloid

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3
Q

Colours and % of Venturi masks

A 
Blue     24%
White   28%
Orange 31%
Yellow  35%
Red      40%
Green   60%
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4
Q

Causes of fat embolism syndrome

A

Most common = closed fracture of a long bone (pelvis, ribs)
Orthopaedic procedures - intramedullary nailing, hip/ knee replacement
Massive soft tissue injury
Severe burns
Bone marrow biopsy

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5
Q

Presentation of fat embolism syndrome

A 
24 to 72 post injury 
Sudden onset:
- Breathlessness 
- ± chest pains. 
- progress to respiratory failure - tachypnoea, SOB, hypoxia.
- Fever - often > 38.3°C 
- raised HR 
- Petechial rash 
- CNS syx - headache, restlessness, disorientation, confusion, seizures, stupor or coma
- Renal - oliguria, haematuria, anuria.
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6
Q

What happens in cholesterol embolism syndrome

A

Plaque in a proximal, large-calibre artery
Plaque rupture - either spontaneous, traumatic, or iatrogenic.
Embolisation of plaque debris = cholesterol crystals, platelets, fibrin, calcified detritus
Lodging of the emboli in small/medium arteries –> mechanical occlusion.
Foreign-body inflammatory response.
End-organ damage due to mechanical plugging + inflammation.

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7
Q

Presentation of cholesterol embolism syndrome

A

Embolism from aorta –> blood supply disruption of visceral organs + lower limb.

Can directly affect all tissues except the lungs.
But systemic inflammation may affect pulmonary tissues.

Fever.
Cachexia.
Nonspecific malaise.
Myalgia.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to circulating inflammatory mediators.
Hypercatabolic state.
renal failure, 
gut ischaemia.
Dermatological = livedo reticularis, blue toe syndrome
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8
Q

What is a Hickman line?

A

it is an IV catheter, mainly used in chemotherapy.

They are also sometimes used in dialysis

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9
Q

What’s the immune response to heparin and when does it occur

A

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia

More common with unfractionated heparin than LMWH.

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10
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is allergy and anaphylaxis

A

Type 1 - IgE mediated

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11
Q

What disease is anti-acetylcholinesterase antibody associated with

A

myasthenia gravis

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12
Q

What disease is anti-adrenal antibody associated with

A

Addisons

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13
Q

What disease is anti-gliadin antibody associated with

A

Coeliac

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14
Q

What disease is anti-endomyseal antibody associated with

A

Coeliac

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15
Q

What disease is anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody associated with

A

Goodpastures

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16
Q

What disease is anti-hu / anti-Yo / anti-Ri antibody associated with

A

Cerebellar degeneration

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17
Q

What disease is anti-intrinsic factor antibody associated with

A

Pernicious anaemia

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18
Q

What disease is anti-parietal antibody associated with

A

Pernicious anaemia

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19
Q

What disease is anti-LKM (liver-kidney-microsomal) antibody associated with

A

Auto immune hepatitis

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20
Q

What disease is anti-mitochondrial antibody associated with

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis

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21
Q

What disease is anti-smooth muscle antibody associated with

A

Autoimmune hepatitis

22
Q

What disease is anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody associated with

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

23
Q

What disease is antibody to voltage gated calcium channel associated with

A

Lambert-eaton syndrome

24
Q

What disease is anti-thyroid stimulating antibody associated with

A

Graves

25
Q

Management of iron tablet overdose

A

Desferrioxamine

26
Q

What is the definition of sensitivity

A

Ability to detect a true positive

27
Q

How is sensitivity calculated

A

Number of true positives ÷ (true positives + false negatives)
As a %

28
Q

Define specificity

A

Ability of a test to detect true negatives

29
Q

How is specificity calculated

A

True negatives ÷ (true negatives + false positives)

As a %

30
Q

Define positive predictive value

A

The probability that a condition can be confirmed given a positive result

31
Q

How is positive predictive value calculated

A

True positives ÷ total number of positives

As a %

32
Q

Define negative predictive value

A

The probability that a condition can be ruled out given a negative test result

33
Q

How is negative predictive value calculated

A

True negatives ÷ total number of negatives

As a percentage

34
Q

Define likelihood ratio

A

Likelihood that a test result will be positive in the patient with a condition compared to the likelihood that the same positive result would be expected in a patient without that condition
Sensitivity ÷ (1 - specificity)

35
Q

What disease is anti-centromere antibody associated with

A

Limited scleroderma (CREST)

36
Q

What disease is rheumatoid factor associated with

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

37
Q

What disease is anti-double stranded DNA antibody (anti-dsDNA) associated with

A

systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)

38
Q

What disease is anti-smith (anti-sm) antibody associated with

A

Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)

39
Q

What disease is anti-jo-1 antibody associated with

A

Dematomyositis

40
Q

What disease is cANCA associated with

A

Wergener’s granulomatosis

41
Q

What disease is pANCA associated with

A

Microscopic polyangiitis

42
Q

What disease is anti-cardiolipin antibody associated with

A

Anti phospholipid syndrome

43
Q

What disease is lupus anticoagulase associated with

A

Anti-phospholipid syndrome

44
Q

What disease is anti-topoisomerase antibody associated with

A

Diffuse scleroderma

45
Q

What disease is anti-U1-RNP antibody associated with

A

Mixed / overlap connective tissue disease

46
Q

What disease is anti-Ro antibody associated with

A

Sjögren’s syndrome

47
Q

What disease is anti-La antibody associated with

A

Sjögren’s syndrome

48
Q

Causes of metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap

A

Diarrhoea

Renal tubular acidosis

49
Q

Causes of metabolic acidosis with a raised anion gap

A 
Ketoacidosis
Lactic acidosis 
Methanol 
Ethylene glycol 
Salicylate toxicity
50
Q

Causes of a metabolic alkalosis

A

Vomiting
Diuretic use
Hyperaldosteronism
Cystic fibrosis

51
Q

What is a hepatitic LFT picture

A

Raised AST

Raised ALT

52
Q

What is an obstructive LFT picture

A

Raised ALP
Raised bilirubin
Raised GGT

General Medicine (25 decks)

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