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Paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

Who can override the consent of a 16-18 year old?

A

No-one unless the child refuses necessary treatment, then the court or parent can overrule this

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2
Q

What is Gillick Competency?

A

When a person under 16 has capacity to make an informed decision and consent to treatment

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3
Q

What is the difference between Gillick and Fraser competence?

A

Gillick relates to consenting for medical treatment, Fraser is specifically only to consenting for contraceptives without parents knowledge

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4
Q

When will deciduous maxillary centrals erupt?

A

8-12months

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5
Q

When will deciduous maxillary laterals erupt?

A

9-13months

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6
Q

When will deciduous maxillary canines erupt?

A

16-24months

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7
Q

When will deciduous mandibular centrals erupt?

A

6-10months

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7
Q

When will deciduous maxillary first molars erupt?

A

12-16months

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7
Q

When will deciduous maxillary second molars erupt?

A

24-32months

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7
Q

When will deciduous mandibular laterals erupt?

A

10-16months

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7
Q

When will deciduous mandibular first molars erupt?

A

12-16months

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7
Q

When will deciduous mandibular canines erupt?

A

16-24months

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7
Q

When will deciduous mandibular second molars erupt?

A

24-32months

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8
Q

What teeth would you expect to be present in a 12 month old?

A

As, Bs upper and lower

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9
Q

What teeth would you expect to see present in a 24month old?

A

Upper and lower: As, Bs, Cs, Ds
(Es may have began to erupt)

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10
Q

What teeth do you expect to see in a 3year old?

A

All deciduous teeth

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11
Q

What teeth would you expect to see in a 7 year old?

A

Deciduous: upper B-E; lower C-E
Permanent: upper 1+6s; lower 1+2+6s

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12
Q

When do the permanent maxillary central incisors erupt?

A

7-8years

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13
Q

When do the permanent maxillary lateral incisors erupt?

A

8-9years

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14
Q

When do the permanent maxillary canines erupt?

A

11-12years (but begin palpating at 9years)

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15
Q

When do the permanent maxillary 4s erupt?

A

9-11years

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16
Q

When do the permanent maxillary 5s erupt?

A

10-12years

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17
Q

When do the permanent maxillary 6s erupt?

A

6-7years

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18
Q

When do the permanent maxillary 7s erupt?

A

12-13years

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19
When do the permanent mandibular central incisors erupt?
6-7years
20
When do the permanent mandibular lateral incisors erupt?
7-8years
21
When do the permanent mandibular 3s erupt?
9-10years
22
When do the permanent mandibular 4s erupt?
10-12years
23
When do the permanent mandibular 5s erupt?
11-12years
24
When do the permanent mandibular 6s erupt?
6-7years
25
When do the permanent mandibular 7s erupt?
11-13years
26
What permanent teeth do you expect to be present in a 10 year old?
Upper: 1s, 2, 4s?, 6s Lower: 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s?, 6s
27
What permanent teeth would you expect to see in a 9 year old?
upper: 1s, 2s, 6s lower: 1s, 2s, 3s?, 6s
28
What permanent teeth do you expect to be present in an 11 year old?
upper: 1s, 2s, 3s?, 4s, 5s?, 6s lower: 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, 5s?, 6s,
29
What teeth do you expect to be present in a 13 year old child?
All permanent dentition other than 8s
30
How long after eruption is root formation normally complete?
2-3 years post eruption
31
Why is interproximal caries common in children but difficult to see clinically?
they have broad, flat contact points
32
Why do you not RCT deciduous dentition?
their roots resorb
33
How many canals do maxillary Ds have?
3
34
How many canals do maxillary Es have?
3
35
How many canals do mandibular Ds have?
2 (mesial and distal)
36
How many canals do mandibular Es have?
2 (mesial and distal)
37
What medical condition common in children contraindicates fluoride varnish and why?
Asthmatics (due to potential allergic reaction to colophony)
38
At what age do you do a BPE as normal?
18+ years
39
What BPE measurements do you do on children aged 12-17 years?
codes 0-4 for only 6s and 1s
40
What BPE measurements do you use for children aged 7-11years old?
codes 0-2 for only 6s and 1s
41
What advice do you give for a child under 3 years old with normal caries risk?
Brush teeth 2x daily once erupted with toothpaste - smear (minimum 1000ppm)
42
How often do you apply fluoride varnish for a patient aged 0-6 years old with a standard caries risk?
2x yearly
43
What advice do you give for a child 3-6 years old with normal caries risk?
2x daily supervised brushing - pea sized (minimum 1350ppm) - spit don't rinse
44
How often do you apply fluoride varnish for a child with a high caries risk?
4x yearly
45
How often should you review a child who is a high caries risk?
3/4monthly
46
What age can you prescribe 2800ppm fluoride toothpaste?
10 + years old
47
What age can you prescribe 5000ppm fluoride toothpaste?
16 + years old
48
What teeth are normally effected by bottle induced caries?
upper As but Ds may also be affected
49
What is the primary treatment option for bottle induced caries?
advice
50
At what age are you not to put amalgams in?
anyone 15 years old and under
51
When would you consider sealing all 7s on eruption?
if more than one 6 displays caries
52
Give me the basic steps of a pulpmotomy
1. LA 2. rubberdam 3. access 4. remove contents of pulp chamber 5. wash with 3 in 1 (no air) 6. cotton wool with ferric sulphate (for bleeding) 7. zinc oxide eugenol cement 8. SSC
53
What is the safe dose of fluoride?
1mg/kg of body weight
54
What is an unsafe dose of fluoride? (requires hospital admission)
5mg/kg of body weight
55
What should you give a patient that has had 1-5mg/kg of fluoride?
milk
56
What will a patient that has had more than 5mg/kg of fluoride need?
gastric leverage
57
What is the lethal dose of fluoride?
32-64mg/kg of body weight
58
What is the normal ppm of fluoride varnish?
22600ppm
59
What is tooth mousse and why might some people prefer it?
CPP-ACP: a calcium phosphate topical cream - it does not contain fluoride
60
What are the benefits of tooth mousse?
good for use of white spot lesions in ortho; reduces sensitivity; and supposedly increases mineralisation
61
What is the prevelance of hypodontia?
less than 1% in primary dentition and 3-6% in permanent dentition
62
What are the most common missing teeth (in order)? (4)
in order: 8s, lower 5s, upper 2s, upper 5s
63
What are the main syndromes linked with hypodontia?(3)
- trisomy 21 (down syndrome) - ectodermal dysplasia - mutations in the MSX1 gene
64
What is the treatment for hypodontia?
space closure or space opening (for prosthesis) - refer/discuss with ortho, paeds and restorative specialists
65
What are the four different types of supernumerary teeth?
- mesiodens (midline) - supplemental (look like normal tooth - conical - tuberculate (more than one cusp)
66
What are the distinctive dental features of cleidocranial dysostosis? (3)
- delayed loss of primary teeth - delayed/failed eruption - supernumerary teeth
67
What dentition are most likely to be effected by microdontia?
upper laterals
68
What teeth are most likely to be affected by macrodontia?
maxillary centrals then mandibular 5s
69
What are the different types of double teeth?
Germination (two crowns, one bud); fusion (two tooth germs form one large crown)
70
What is the treatment for double teeth?
fissure sealants to prevent caries in the abnormal anatomy
71
What is dens in dente?
a tooth within a tooth - when a localised area of the crown is folded inwards
72
What is the main issue with dens in dente?
can result in an area of caries and is difficult to treat endodontically
73
What are the simplest classifications of amelogenesis imperfecta?(2)
hypomineralised (full thickness but weaker - impaired bond strength) and hypoplastic enamel (thin but normal strength enamel)
74
What is the prevelance of amelogenesis imperfecta?
1:700-4000
75
What are the two main management options for amelogenesis imperfecta?
- composite restorations on anteriors (bonding may be an issue) - full coverage restorations (particularly for posterior dentition)
76
What are the three types of dentinogenesis imperfecta?
Type I (associated with osteogenesis imperfecta) Type II (DI on its own) Type III (Brandywine isolate)
77
What is the prevalence of dentinogenesis imperfecta?
1:8k
78
What is the colour of dentinogenesis imperfecta in primary teeth?
amber
79
What is the colour of dentinogenesis imperfecta in permanent teeth?
grey/translucent
80
What pathological issues are common with dentinogenesis imperfecta?
spontaneous abscesses
81
What endodontic anomaly is common in dentinogenesis imperfecta?
pulp canal obliteration
82
What are the main clinical problems associated with dentinogenesis imperfecta?(6)
- aesthetics - chipping/attrition of enamel - exposure of dentine - poor OH - gingivitis - caries
83
What is the main treatment for dentinogenesis imperfecta in molars?
Cast restorations on occlusal surfaces as it protects from wear
84
What is the main treatment for dentinogenesis imperfecta in anteriors?
veneers - aesthetics and protects from wear
85
What is Turner's tooth?
an underdevelopment in enamel from a disturbance in the enamel and dentine formation (allegedly infection around deciduous tooth and effects successional tooth)
86
What is molar-incisor hypomineralisation?
A qualitative defect of the enamel due to lack of mineralisation during development
87
What is the prevalence of MIH?
affects 1 in 4 children worldwide
88

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