Paediatric MSK Flashcards
tment of metatarsus adductus?
serial corrective casts, followed by straight-last shoes
serial casts may need to be supplemented by a release of abductor hallucis muscle
when is the medial longitudinal arch of the foot formed?
by 4-6 years
how does stiff (rigid) flat-foot (stiff pes planovalgus) differ from mobile (flexible) flat-foot?
mobile often appears in toddlers, and disappers after a few yrs when medial arch development is complete
stiff flatfoot cannot be corrected passively, and alerts to underlying abnormality: tarsal coalition- often bar of bone connecting the calcaneus to the talus or navicular, an inflam. joint condition or neurological disorder.
how can a mobile flat foot be distinguished?
ptnt on standing has flat foot- medial border of foot in contact with ground, heel in valgus position and foot pronates at midfoot.
on going up on their toes, heels invert and medial arches form up
also checked by jack test- feet planted on ground with child sitting and great toe is firmly dorsiflexed, medial arch re-appears.
tment of flexible flat foot?
will probably correct on its own
can use medial arch supports or heel cups
if symptomatic, may lengthen lateral side of foot through osteotomy in front of calcaneum and inserting a bone graft, or titanium implant in sinus tarsi to elevate neck of talus and restore arch
presentation of Perthe’s disease?
pain in hip
limp
symptoms may persit for wks or occur intermittently
early on, all hip movements diminshed as joint is ‘irritable’
abduction, and IR, nearly always limited
tment of Perthe’s disease?
usually resolves in a few years
physio and hydrotherapy
when pain, child should rest, but when asymptomatic, should be encouraged to exercise but avoid strenuous activities
may perform an osteotomy to contain femoral head in acetabulum, can do a varus osteotomy of femur or innominate osteotomy of pelvis or both
characteristics of pes planovalgus?
heel in valgus
foot pronates at midfoot
medial border of foot in contact with ground
characteristics of idiopathic club-foot (congenital talipes equinovarus)?
ankle in equinus- difficult for upward motion of ankle joint, dorsiflexion limited, occurs with tight Achilles tendon hindfoot (heel) in varus midfoot cavus- 1st MT drops, cavus= high arch forefoot adducted (metatarsals and phalanges), flexed and supinated
name given to congenital joint contractures in 2 or more areas of the body?
arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
assoc disorders with clubfoot that must be investigated for?
spina bifida
developmental dysplasia of the hip- USS at birth
cerebral palsy?
when is clubfoot detected?
antenatally
can be detected as early as 12 weeks
favoured tment of clubfoot?
Ponseti method= weekly serial casting and manipulation, beginning within a few days of birth, supervised by physio.
Achilles percutaneous tenotomy at wk 8 to correct ankle equinus. Tendon is divided, foot casted in maximal abduction and DF and tendon re-grows in lengthened position-TAL(tendo achilles lengthening) performed if equinus deformity remains after correcting forefoot adduction.
then splinted in de-rotation boots until 3.
how exactly is foot manipulated in clubfoot treatment?
cavus deformity of midfoot corrected first by supinating forefoot- align 1st MT with remaining metatarsals, if pronate then 1st MT plantar-flexed further which would worsen cavus
then correct forefoot adduction and heel varus by slowly abducting, rotating calcaneus and forefoot around talus
disorders occurring within DDH?
shallow acetabulum without actual displacement
shallow acetabulum with subluxation of fem head
frank dislocation of fem head
2 heritable features which could predispose to hip instability?
generalised joint laxity, *Beighton score
shallow acetabula
why might hip instability be rare in premature babies?
ligamentous laxity aggravated by hormonal changes that take place in late pregnancy- oestrogen gives ligaments strength, so lax with reduced oestrogen
factors which may account for DDH development?
genetic factors-shallow acetabula, generalised joint laxity
hormonal changes
intrauterine malposition- e.g. breech with extended legs
postnatal factors e.g. carrying position by parent
what test can be used in DDH to show if a hip is dislocatable?
Barlow’s test- attempt to lever femoral head out of acetabulum during hip abduction and adduction
how should every hip with instability be investigated?
USS- can assess shape of cartilaginous socket and position of femoral head
early tment of DDH?
pelvic splint- holds hips flexed and abducted
in which children is SUFE most likely to occur?
unusually tall and thin
obese and sex. underdeveloped
delayed gonadal development, as above
it may be in these children that during the pubertal growth spurt, the relatively immature physis might be too weak to resist the stress imposed by increased body weight
pathology of SUFE?
femoral shaft rolls into ER following physeal disruption, and fem neck displaced forwards while epiphysis remains seated in acetabulum
epiphysis prematurely fuses
presentation of SUFE?
classically boy of 14 or 15 yrs, presents with groin pain, or pain in anter thigh or knee
may also limp
onset may be sudden
may be history of trauma
leg ER and 1 or 2 cm short
limitation of abduction and IR
all hip movements painful if after an acute slip- pain following trauma history
