Paediatric ENT

Question 1

Indications for tonsillectomy

Answer 1

recurrent tonsillitis
obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome

Question 2

What causes tonsillitis?

Answer 2

viral, bacterial
many are strep pyogenes

Question 3

Management of tonsillectomy

Answer 3

conservative
? antibiotics
tonsillectomy

Question 4

What is quinsy?

Answer 4

peritonsillar abscess

can cause deviated uvula

Question 5

What are adenoids?

Answer 5

collection of lymphoid tissue
unencapsulated

Question 6

Adenoids function

Answer 6

immunological - part of waldeyer’s ring

Question 7

Adenoidectomy indications

Answer 7

recurrent adenoiditis (?causing ear infections)
obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (removed alongside tonsils)

Question 8

What is Waldeyer’s ring?

Answer 8

interrupted circle of protective lymphoid tissue at the upper ends of the respiratory and alimentary tracts

Question 9

What are the components of Waldeyer’s ring?

Answer 9

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
tubal tonsil x2
palatine tonsil x2
lingual tonsil

Question 10

What is a grommet?

Answer 10

a grommet is a ring inserted into a hole to maintain it’s patency and prevent it closing

Question 11

What can cause air bubbles underneath the tympanic membrane?

Answer 11

glue ear and blown nose
introduces air up eustachian tube

Question 12

What causes pus behind and bulging of eardrum?

Answer 12

acute otitis media

Question 13

Grommets indications

Answer 13

recurrent acute otitis media
persistent otitis media with effusion (glue ear) - generally used when hearing affected

Question 14

How do grommets work?

Answer 14

they ventilate the middle ear

Question 15

Alternatives to grommets

Answer 15

hearing aids
prophylactic abx for 3mo

Question 16

What is choanal atresia?

Answer 16

back of nose doesn’t form normally

Question 17

Teratomas contain cells from which embryological lines?

Answer 17

all 3
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

Question 18

What is a cholesteatoma?

Answer 18

an abnormal collection of skin cells deep inside your ear
rare but, if left untreated, can damage the delicate structures inside your ear that are essential for hearing and balance
can erode bones in middle ear

Question 19

Cholesteatoma treatment

Answer 19

surgery
mastoidectomy

Question 20

What is the most common cause of sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 20

meningitis

Question 21

Viral/Parasitic causes of hearing loss

Answer 21

TORCH
Toxoplasmosis
Other (syphilis, HIV)
Rubella
CMV
Herpes

Question 22

Deafness treatment options

Answer 22

hearing aids
cochlear implantation