ENT Clinical relevance Flashcards
Risk factors for epistaxis
digital trauma
trauma
bleeding disorders
anticoagulants
topical nasal steroids
cocaine abuse
nasal surgery
vestibulitis
tumour
What is the commonest site of bleeding in epistaxis?
Little’s area (anterior part of nasal septum)
In which anatomical part of the nose do most sinuses drain?
middle meatus
4 types of chronic sinusitis
allergic
non-allergic
infective
rhinitis associated with chronic conditions
Which common condition is associated with nasal polyps?
asthma
Treatment of nasal polyps
topical nasal steroids
topical nasal steroid drops
systemic steroids
nasal polypectomy
What is the significance of a unilateral nasal polyp?
could be a tumour - most commonly an inverted papilloma, malignancy rare
2 common causes of anosmia/hyposmia
viral insult (URTI)
head injury
Risk factors for laryngeal malignancy
smoking
alcohol abuse (latent period)
betel nut chewing
Commonest presentation of laryngeal cancer?
hoarseness
Is laryngeal cancer the most common cause of hoarseness?
no
Common causes of hoarseness
excess vocal maluse
Reinke’s oedema (smoking)
infection
trauma
surgery (thyroid, thoracic, cardiac)
CVA
Neuromuscular conditions
What is an important investigation for someone with left vocal cord palsy without an endoscopically visible laryngeal or pharyngeal lesions?
CT scan from skull base to mediastinum to exclude any lesions along the course of the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves
What is the commonest histological type of laryngeal cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Modes of treatment for laryngeal cancer
laser excision
radiotherapy
laryngectomy
chemotherapy
