Package Terms

Question 1

sequence of events of heart beat

Answer 1

atria depolarize- causes contraction - AV values close- isovolumentric contraction- ventricle ejection- seminary valves close - isovolumetric relaxation- ventricle filling

Question 2

ventricular diastole

Answer 2

phase where ventricles relax and fill with blood

tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open. semilunar valves are closed

Question 3

ventricular systole

Answer 3

phase when ventricles contract

tricuspid and bicuspid valves are closed. semilunar valves are open

Question 4

pacemaker cell

Answer 4

cluster of cardiac cells that discharges spontaneously. It initiates the contraction of the muscles in the atria, starting a wave that spreads over the entire heart muscle. In this way, it controls the heart rate. The pacemaker can be adjusted by signals from nerves that originate in the brain.

The AV node acts as a secondary pacemaker. It will cause the ventricles to beat at about 40 beats per minute, even if the SA node fails.

Question 5

main systemic arterY

Answer 5

aorta

Question 6

major veins of systemic system

Answer 6

venae cavae

Question 7

a branch from aorta that diverts blood from systemic circulatory system to — circulation

Answer 7

coronary

Question 8

how is blood moved back to heart in veins

Answer 8

• skeletal muscles squeeze veins generating pressure. valves prevent blood from going backward. most important: movement of breathing which allows change in pressure on posterior vena cava and pump blood uphill from lower body

Question 9

describe blood plasma

Answer 9

7% dissolved protein. has albumin, antibodies, mostly water, is saly due to na, cl, k ions etc and has dissolved nutrients and wastes like ammonia and co2

Question 10

examples of plasma proteins

Answer 10

albumin- provides viscosity, clotting proteins- form clots, immunoglobins- provide immunity

Question 11

specialized proteins in RBC

Answer 11

haemoglobin (iron)

Question 12

specialized proteins in WBC

Answer 12

antibodies, histamines, immunoglobins, etc.

Question 13

specialized proteins in platelets

Answer 13

clotting proteins that initiate a cascade of enzyme reactions in plasma

Question 14

neutrophils

Answer 14

glanular cells that phagocytize

Question 15

monocytes

Answer 15

cells that migrate outside the blood and ingest foreign cells AKA agranular cells

Question 16

eosinophils and basophils

Answer 16

cells that induce allergic responses

Question 17

lymphocytes

Answer 17

WBC’s that produce antibodies to fight disease

Question 18

steps in blood clotting

Answer 18

• there is a sequence of transformations called a cascade reaction which results in a big but local response. solution is to have a non-spontaneous (bad if not) clotting that would only require a small local signal that would increase to a big response. (major damage and slow response = bad). cascade allows an initially weak signal to become a strong response. also allows for control since it can be controlled independently.

Question 19

main purpose of the lymphatic system

Answer 19

to recover fluids lost from blood

Question 20

how does water potential differ at the beginning and end of a capillary

Answer 20

The blood in the capillaries is hypertonic to the tissue fluid because plasma proteins remain in the blood as solutes, so there is always osmotic pressure pulling water back into the capillary (ψs). Blood pressure is high at the beginning of the capillary pushing fluids out of the blood (high ψp) but drops by the end (low ψp). Fluid leaves the capillary at the beginning (net ψ outward) but is drawn in at the end (net ψ inward)

Question 21

lymph nodes

Answer 21

small swellings in the lymphatic system