PA as a modifiable risk factor Flashcards
Based on NCDs
What is CVD?
Cardiovascular disease which includes all the diseases of the heart and circulatory system
What are the effects of acute exercise on the CV system?
increases HR, SV, Q, BP, BF, avO2 diff, O2 consumption
what is the function of the CV system
To ensure adequate blood flow through the capillaries of various organs
Main cause of death with those with CVD?
Coronary heart disease
What is is the major symptom of CHD?
Narrowing of the arterial lumen with plaque
What is atherosclerosis?
Narrowing of the arteries
What are the physiological and lifestyle risk factors for CVD?
Physiological - genes, obesity, abnormal glucose metabolism, inflammatory markers
Lifestyle - smoking, diet, LOW PA
What does Q stand for?
Cardiac output
What is the equation for cardiac output?
Q=HRxSV
Why does SV increase during exercise?
Increase in cardiac filling = more forceful contraction
What adaptations does training cause?
Increase in blood volume and reduced resistance to blood flow
What does avO2 diff?
The difference between the O2 content of the blood between the arteries and veins
What does avO2 show?
How much blood is utilised at the capillaries
What is the Fick equation?
VO2 = Q x (A-VO2 diff)
what are the physiological differences between trained and untrained?
Resting HR, Max HR, SV, Q, VO2max, BP, avO2 diff
Why does the body adapt?
To deliver more O2 and nutrients to active muscles
to reduce delivery to low activity tissues
Become more effective at delivering O2 during submax exercise and VO2max
How does a trained status Help prevent CVD
Improve blood flow, optimises delivery of blood and o2 uptake at cell level
What are the 4 mechanisms of adaptation to the cardiovascular system with PA?
Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism
Enzyme activity
Blood Pressure
Endothelial function
Which cholestrol is considered a major CHD risk factor?
Low levels of HDL, high levels of LDL
What are the effects of acute exercise on HDL levels?
Increases levels an decreases triglycerides
What is LPL?
Lipoprotein Lipase (enzyme)
Where is LPL found?
Endothelium
What is the endothelium?
The inner most layer of a blood vessel
Which tissue is LPL mopst active in?
Adipose
What is the role of LPL?
Regulates body weight and ensures free fatty acids are available for skeletal and cardiac muscles
What reaction does LPL limit?
Hydrolyzation of TG
What is the effect of acute exercise on LPL?
Activity of enzyme is increased
How does PA effect blood pressure?
Keeps it within health range, can decrease it
How does PA reduces BP?
Reduces peripheral resistance due to an increase in responsiveness of vasodilators
Where are vasodilators found?
Endothelium
What is the main vasodilator?
Nitric oxide
What muscle can the endothelium interact with?
Vascular smooth muscle
How does the endothelium interact with the muscle?
Its cells secrete vasodilators which diffuse into the smooth muscle
Which mechanisms are improved with exercise in the endothelium?
Nitric oxide synthase activity
increase in enzyme responsible for nitric oxide production
decrease in enzyme responsible for premature nitric oxide break down (superoxide dismuatse)
What is an NCD?
A medical condition defined by the fact it is non-infectious and non-transmissable
What are NCDs a result of?
a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioral factors
What are some modifiable risk factors for NCDs?
Tobacco
alcohol
salt
insufficient PA
What are some metabolic risk factors for NCDs?
Elevated BP
hyperglycemia
Obesity
Hyperlipidemia
What is metabolic syndrome?
When a person has multiple metabolic symptoms
What are the major trends in the UK?
Decrease in tobacco use
Decrease in deaths from NCDs
increase in obesity
What is diabetes?
A disease that were someone has either the inability to produce insulin or they become unresponive to it
What is hyperglycemia?
High blood sugar levels
What happens when a person has chronic hyperglycemia?
Damage to the heart, eyes, extremities and kidneys
How does increased PA effect someone with diabetes?
Lowers blood sugar levels as the muscle use it during exercise
Has a protective effect by making cells more responsive to insulin
What is COPD?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a group of lung conditions
What is the main characteristic of COPD?
Airway obstruction so it makes it harder to take in o2 and remove co2
How does PA effect COPD
there are short and long term effects
What is cancer?
A disease of the bodys own cells where they produce uncontrollably leading to a mass of cells called a tumour
Which cancers have string links with increased PA?
Breast
Digestive tract
Liver
Kidney
What is arthritis?
Any disorder that effects joints
What are the causes of arthiritus?
Reduced bone cartilage so bones rub together or inflammation of synovial membrane
What is osteoporosis?
A condition that weakens the bone so they are more likely to be damaged
