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PAH > PA as a modifiable risk factor > Flashcards

PA as a modifiable risk factor Flashcards

Based on NCDs

1
Q

What is CVD?

A

Cardiovascular disease which includes all the diseases of the heart and circulatory system

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2
Q

What are the effects of acute exercise on the CV system?

A

increases HR, SV, Q, BP, BF, avO2 diff, O2 consumption

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3
Q

what is the function of the CV system

A

To ensure adequate blood flow through the capillaries of various organs

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4
Q

Main cause of death with those with CVD?

A

Coronary heart disease

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5
Q

What is is the major symptom of CHD?

A

Narrowing of the arterial lumen with plaque

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6
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Narrowing of the arteries

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7
Q

What are the physiological and lifestyle risk factors for CVD?

A

Physiological - genes, obesity, abnormal glucose metabolism, inflammatory markers
Lifestyle - smoking, diet, LOW PA

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8
Q

What does Q stand for?

A

Cardiac output

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9
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Q=HRxSV

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10
Q

Why does SV increase during exercise?

A

Increase in cardiac filling = more forceful contraction

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11
Q

What adaptations does training cause?

A

Increase in blood volume and reduced resistance to blood flow

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12
Q

What does avO2 diff?

A

The difference between the O2 content of the blood between the arteries and veins

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13
Q

What does avO2 show?

A

How much blood is utilised at the capillaries

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14
Q

What is the Fick equation?

A

VO2 = Q x (A-VO2 diff)

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15
Q

what are the physiological differences between trained and untrained?

A

Resting HR, Max HR, SV, Q, VO2max, BP, avO2 diff

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16
Q

Why does the body adapt?

A

To deliver more O2 and nutrients to active muscles
to reduce delivery to low activity tissues
Become more effective at delivering O2 during submax exercise and VO2max

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17
Q

How does a trained status Help prevent CVD

A

Improve blood flow, optimises delivery of blood and o2 uptake at cell level

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18
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of adaptation to the cardiovascular system with PA?

A

Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism
Enzyme activity
Blood Pressure
Endothelial function

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19
Q

Which cholestrol is considered a major CHD risk factor?

A

Low levels of HDL, high levels of LDL

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20
Q

What are the effects of acute exercise on HDL levels?

A

Increases levels an decreases triglycerides

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21
Q

What is LPL?

A

Lipoprotein Lipase (enzyme)

22
Q

Where is LPL found?

A

Endothelium

23
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

The inner most layer of a blood vessel

24
Q

Which tissue is LPL mopst active in?

A

Adipose

25
Q

What is the role of LPL?

A

Regulates body weight and ensures free fatty acids are available for skeletal and cardiac muscles

26
Q

What reaction does LPL limit?

A

Hydrolyzation of TG

27
Q

What is the effect of acute exercise on LPL?

A

Activity of enzyme is increased

28
Q

How does PA effect blood pressure?

A

Keeps it within health range, can decrease it

29
Q

How does PA reduces BP?

A

Reduces peripheral resistance due to an increase in responsiveness of vasodilators

30
Q

Where are vasodilators found?

A

Endothelium

31
Q

What is the main vasodilator?

A

Nitric oxide

32
Q

What muscle can the endothelium interact with?

A

Vascular smooth muscle

33
Q

How does the endothelium interact with the muscle?

A

Its cells secrete vasodilators which diffuse into the smooth muscle

34
Q

Which mechanisms are improved with exercise in the endothelium?

A

Nitric oxide synthase activity
increase in enzyme responsible for nitric oxide production
decrease in enzyme responsible for premature nitric oxide break down (superoxide dismuatse)

35
Q

What is an NCD?

A

A medical condition defined by the fact it is non-infectious and non-transmissable

36
Q

What are NCDs a result of?

A

a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioral factors

37
Q

What are some modifiable risk factors for NCDs?

A

Tobacco
alcohol
salt
insufficient PA

38
Q

What are some metabolic risk factors for NCDs?

A

Elevated BP
hyperglycemia
Obesity
Hyperlipidemia

39
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

When a person has multiple metabolic symptoms

40
Q

What are the major trends in the UK?

A

Decrease in tobacco use
Decrease in deaths from NCDs
increase in obesity

41
Q

What is diabetes?

A

A disease that were someone has either the inability to produce insulin or they become unresponive to it

42
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

High blood sugar levels

43
Q

What happens when a person has chronic hyperglycemia?

A

Damage to the heart, eyes, extremities and kidneys

44
Q

How does increased PA effect someone with diabetes?

A

Lowers blood sugar levels as the muscle use it during exercise
Has a protective effect by making cells more responsive to insulin

45
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a group of lung conditions

46
Q

What is the main characteristic of COPD?

A

Airway obstruction so it makes it harder to take in o2 and remove co2

47
Q

How does PA effect COPD

A

there are short and long term effects

48
Q

What is cancer?

A

A disease of the bodys own cells where they produce uncontrollably leading to a mass of cells called a tumour

49
Q

Which cancers have string links with increased PA?

A

Breast
Digestive tract
Liver
Kidney

50
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Any disorder that effects joints

51
Q

What are the causes of arthiritus?

A

Reduced bone cartilage so bones rub together or inflammation of synovial membrane

52
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

A condition that weakens the bone so they are more likely to be damaged

PAH (10 decks)

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