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Physics OCR GCSE > P8.3 Beyond Earth > Flashcards

P8.3 Beyond Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

Red-shift

A

Wavelength of light moving away from you increases and the frequency decreases
It shifts more towards the red side of the absorption spectrum

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2
Q

Blue-shift

A

Opposite of red shift
When an object moves closer, the visible light moves to the blue end of the spectrum, as its wavelengths appear shorter

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3
Q

When an object is moving faster than you

A

Bigger red-shift

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4
Q

When an object is moving slower than you

A

Blue-shift

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5
Q

Hubble’s constant or galaxy speed

A

1/10 × distance

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6
Q

Universe’s age

A

1 / Hubble’s constant

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7
Q

Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR)

A

Residual energy from the Big Bang
Very high energy radiation with high frequency stretched out over time until it became a microwave on the electromagnetic spectrum

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8
Q

The Sun

A

The star at the centre of the Solar System

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9
Q

Planets

A

Spherical objects orbiting the Sun due to gravity

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10
Q

Moons

A

Objects orbiting planets

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11
Q

Comets

A

Made of dust and ice
Orbit the Sun with long and thin orbits

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12
Q

Minor planets

A

Anything orbiting the Sun other than planets or comets, i.e. asteroids, dwarf planets

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13
Q

Inner planets

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Rocky planets
Have an atmosphere

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14
Q

Outer planets

A

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
First two = gas giants
Second two = ice giants
All have rings and lots of moons

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15
Q

Asteroids

A

Rock fragments leftover from the creation of the Solar System
The asteroid belt is between Mars and Jupiter

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16
Q

Star life cycle of a less massive star

A

Star birth from dust and gas (nebula) → nebula condenses into a protostar → nuclear fusion → main sequence star → hydrogen runs out and fusion starts again → red giant → white dwarf → cools down → black dwarf

17
Q

Life cycle of a more massive star

A

Star birth from dust and gas (nebula) → nebula condenses into a protostar → nuclear fusion → main sequence star → hydrogen runs out and fusion starts again → red super giant→ explodes → supernova → neutron star (if big)/black hole (really massive)

18
Q

Natural satellite

A

Non-man-made objects that orbit a planet
Example: the Moon

19
Q

Artificial satellite

A

Man-made objects that orbit a planet

They have two types of orbits:
- geostationary orbit
- low polar orbit

20
Q

Geostationary orbit

A

Takes 24hrs to complete one orbit.
Around 36,000 km above the Earth’s surface.
They remain fixed over the equator
Used for communication and satellite television

21
Q

Low polar orbit

A

Takes around 2 hrs to complete one orbit.
Can reach up to 2,000 km above the Earth’s surface.
They orbit over the poles.
Used for weather, military, and Earth observation

22
Q

If an orbiting object speeds up…

A

…it’ll fly away due to too much gravitational energy

23
Q

If an orbiting object slows down…

A

…it’ll accelerate and crash into the object it’s orbiting

24
Q

If an object emits more radiation than it absorbs…

A

Its temperature decreases

25
Q

If an object emits less radiation than it absorbs…

A

Its temperature increases

26
Q

If an object emits the same amount of radiation that it absorbs…

A

It stays at constant temperature

27
Q

The Earth’s contents (going outwards)

A

Solid inner core, liquid outer core, Mostly solid mantle (but it can flow), solid crust

28
Q

Seismic waves

A

Waves from an earthquake

29
Q

How do we use seismic waves

A

Measured on seismometers
Plotted on seismographs

30
Q

P-waves

A

Primary (seismic) wave
Arrives at the surface first in an earthquake
Longitudinal waves, can travel through solids and liquids

31
Q

S-waves

A

Secondary (seismic) wave
Arrives at the surface second in an earthquake
Transverse waves, can only travel through solids → proves that outer core must be liquid

32
Q

Order of planets of distance from sun

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto

Physics OCR GCSE (20 decks)

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