P2SA Linguistic Concepts Flashcards
Cultural Orientation Model (Alsagoff)
is the use of language to index a localist orientation or a globalist orientation
Linguistic Capital (Bourdieu)
is a form of cultural capital, where one’s proficiency in a particular language variety will predetermine their access to socio-economic opportunities and their social status
community of practice (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet)
is an aggregate of people who are mutually engaged in some common endeavour and who come to develop shared linguistic norms
diglossia (Ferguson)
is a relatively stable situation in which two varieties of the same language, a H-variety and a L-variety, serve distinct socio-linguistic functions
domain (Fishman)
is an institutional context that is often associated with a particular language variety based on place, subject and the role-relations of the participants
accommodation (Giles)
is a theoretical framework that explains how one’s linguistic choices are informed by their need to negotiate the social distance between them and their audience
convergence (Giles)
is the attempt to adapt one’s linguistic choices to be more similar to that of their audience so as to narrow the social distance between them
divergence (Giles)
is the attempt to adapt one’s linguistic choices to be more different to that of their audience so as to widen the social distance between them
register (Halliday)
is a variety of language that corresponds to a variety of situation – that is, variation according to use
appropriation (Hill)
is an attempt to adopt linguistic resources from a speech community without their consent with the intent of indexing the desirable qualities that are associated with them
communicative competence (Hymes)
is the ability to produce and understand language use that is appropriate to a particular sociolinguistic situation
linguistic competence (Hymes)
is the ability to produce and understand language use that is grammatically correct
creole (Hymes)
is a language variety with a lexicon and a grammar that is suited to a full range of sociolinguistic functions and that has become the first language of a speech community
pidgin (Hymes)
is a language variety with a lexicon and a grammar that is suited to a restricted range of sociolinguistic functions and that is used only as an auxiliary language
covert prestige (Labov)
is the relative value that is accorded to a non-standard language variety from bottom-up by users
overt prestige (Labov)
is the relative value that is accorded to a standard language variety from top-down by social institutions
speech community (Labov)
is a group of speakers who share a set of linguistic norms regarding their use of language
intelligibility (Smith & Nelson)
is the degree to which a word/utterance can be recognised as a word/utterance in a particular language
comprehensibility (Smith & Nelson)
is the degree to which the semantic meaning of a word/utterance can be recognised
interpretability (Smith & Nelson)
is the degree to which the pragmatic meaning of a word/utterance can be recognised
linguistic glocalisation (Alsagoff)
is the linguistic situation where English is used both as a global language of business and a local language expressing particular socio-cultural identities and realities
leaky diglossia (Gupta)
is a linguistic situation where two varieties of the same language that previously served distinct socio-linguistic functions are now used in the same communicative context
phatic communication (Jakobson)
is the use of language to index social relationships rather than to communicate information to one’s audience
Three Circles Model (Kachru)
is a theoretical framework that divides the speakers of English into 3 categories based on the language’s socio-linguistic function and their linguistic influence
- Inner Circle: is a term describing countries where English is used in public as an official language and in private as a mother tongue and whose speakers are norm-providing
- Outer Circle: is a term describing countries where English is used in public as an official language and in private as an inter-ethnic lingua franca and whose speakers are norm-developing
- Expanding Circle: is a term describing countries where English is used in public as a professional language but not in private and whose speakers are norm-dependent
Expanding Triangles of Expression (Pakir)
is a theoretical framework that explains how one’s style of language varies based on the proficiency of the speaker and the formality of the socio-linguistic situation
- formality cline: is the degree to which a socio-linguistic situation necessitates the use of a formal register, which can be sub-divided into Formal, Careful, Consultative, Casual and Intimate
- proficiency cline: is the degree to which a speaker is proficient in a language, which can be sub-divided into Advanced, Adept, Intermediate, Basic and Rudimentary
code-switching (Gumperz)
is the shift from one language variety to another based on the changing needs of the socio-linguistic situation
Dynamic Model of Post-Colonial Englishes (Schneider)
is a theoretical framework that explains how language varieties may evolve over time in Outer Circle countries
- foundation: is the first stage that is characterised by limited language contact between the local languages and English from colonialism, with both remaining distinct
- exonormative stabilisation: is the second stage that is characterised by increasing language contact between the local languages and English, with there being increasing lexical influence from the latter
- nativisation: is the third stage characterised by widespread language contact between the local languages and English, with the emergence of a distinct new language variety
- endonormative stabilisation: is the fourth stage that is characterised by a growing acceptance of the distinct new language variety amongst wider society
- differentiation: is the fifth stage that is characterised by the evolution of the distinct new language variety as a distinct language on its own and as an in-group identity marker
language planning (Haugen)
- selection: is the stage where a language variety is chosen as the norm
- codification: is the stage where the language variety that is chosen as the norm undergoes standardisation to ensure minimal variation in form and maximum variation in function
- elaboration: is the stage where the learning materials and media artefacts for the teaching and the transmission of the language variety that is chosen as the norm are developed
- implementation: is the stage where the language variety that is chosen as the norm is put into use in official social institutions and begins to be taught formally in educational institutions
status planning (Hornberger)
is the process of elevating a particular language variety as the prestige variant and the norm to be used in official institutions
corpus planning (Hornberger)
is the process of codifying the normative language variety to ensure minimal variation in form and maximum variation in function
acquisition planning (Hornberger)
is the process of developing learning materials and media artefacts to facilitate the teaching and the transmission of the normative language variety
mistake (Kachru)
is the view that any deviation from the linguistic norms of Inner Circle countries can be seen as resulting from a deficiency in language acquisition
deviation (Kachru)
is the view that any deviation from the linguistic norms of Inner Circle countries can be seen as resulting from a difference in language acquisition
innovation (Kachru)
is the view that any deviation from the linguistic norms of Inner Circle countries can be seen as resulting from an adaptation to suit local socio-linguistic realities
style-shifting (Labov)
is the process of adapting one’s speech style so as to index particular social meanings based on the needs of the socio-linguistic situation
linguistic imperialism (Phillipson)
is the entrenched dominance of the English Language vis-a-vis other languages as a result of its status as an international lingua franca
crossing (Rampton)
is the process of adapting one’s linguistic choices so as to index the social identity that is associated with the language variety being used
ownership (Widdowson)
is the perceived right of a speech community to determine how a language should be used amongst themselves
