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biology > P2B8 - Exchange and transport in animals > Flashcards

P2B8 - Exchange and transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the factors affecting diffusion?

A

Temp - high = fast
Surface area - Large = fast
Conc gradient - Large = fast

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2
Q

What is concentration gradient?

A

The concentration gradient is linked to the difference in concentration between two areas.

The bigger the difference in concentration between two areas, the greater the concentration gradient and the faster the rate of diffusion.

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3
Q

The surface area of a cell is 4x10-6m2. The volume is 2x10-6m3. What is the surface area to volume ratio of the cell?

A

2:1

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4
Q

WHAT IS DIFFUSION?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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5
Q

Whats the equation for FIck’s law/
AND what IS ficks law?

A

rate of diffusion = (surface area × concentration difference) ÷ thickness of membrane

Ficks law describes relationship betweeen the rate of diffusion and the variables that affect it.

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6
Q

What are exchange surfaces?

A

Surfaces that are adapted to maximise the efficiency of gas and solute (a substance dissolved in a liquid) exchange across them.

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7
Q

Whats an example of an exchagnge surfaces?

A

Alveoli
Small intesttine
roots
gills
leaves

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8
Q

What are the adaptions of exchange surfaces? eg alveoli

A

A thin membrane reduces the diffusion distance.
Alveoli are one cell thick.

Packed with blood vessels to maintain high conc gradient.

In animals , the surface is ventilated thru breathing to maintain high conc gradient.

Large surface area to let more diffusions of substance happen

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9
Q

How si the small instestine a sepcialised exchange surafec?

A

The small intestine is adapted for exchanging nutrients between digested food in the small intestine and the blood.

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10
Q

How is the alveoli a specialised exchange surface?

A

The alveoli (small air sacs in the lungs) are adapted for exchanging carbon dioxide and oxygen between the blood and air.

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11
Q

What are the components of the circulatory system?

A

Heart
Arteries, veins and capillaries

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12
Q

Why can the circulatory system be called dpuble?

A

Blood travels thru the heart twice during one full circuit pf body + lungs.

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13
Q

wHATS THE FUNCTION OF ARTERIESS?

A

Carry blood AWAY from heart

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14
Q

What are the adaptions of arteries?

A

Blood travels under high pressure
They have thick elastic muscular wall
Smaller lumen

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15
Q

function of the vein?

A

Carry blood INTO the heart

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16
Q

Adaptions of the vein?

A

Blod traveks under lower pressure
Thin elastic flexible wall
Valves to prevent blood backflow

17
Q

Function of the capillaries?

A

Exchange nutrients and gases with tissues

18
Q

Adaptions of the capillaries?

A

They are one cell thick.
Increases rare of diffusion due to small diffusion distance.

19
Q

What 4 components is blood made of?

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Platelets
  3. White blod cels
  4. Plasma
20
Q

What do erythrocytes do>

A

They are biconcave shaped and have no nucleus to carry more oxygen.

21
Q

What dio platelets do>

A

Release substances that help the blood to clot

22
Q

What do white blood cells dp?

A

The lymphocytes produce antibodies and phagocytes to engulf the pathogen.
(tHIS IS the immune response)

23
Q

What is the main artery and where does it carry the blood?

A

The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

24
Q

Is the blood on the right side oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Deoygenated

25
Q

Is blood on left side oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Oxygenated

26
Q

What does pulmonary vein carry?

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs into the heart

27
Q

What does the pulmonary artery carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood to the lungs

28
Q

What is the main vein and what does it carry>

A

The vena cava carries deoxugenated blood from the body

29
Q

How do u calc cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output (litres/min) =
Stroke volume (litres/beat)
X
heart rate (beats/min)

30
Q

How is water gradient controlled in a plant?

A

Transpiration

31
Q

What do organisms need energy for?

A

Moving, thermoregulation, breaking down and producing substances

32
Q

Why is respiration exothermic?

A

Cus it transfers energy to its surroundings.

33
Q

What are the similarties of anaerobic n areobic respriation.?

A

Both require glucose
Both happen during strenuous exercise
Both exothermic
Both release energy

34
Q

reactants and products of aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen + glucose = carbon dioxide + water

35
Q

Reactants and products of anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose = Lactic acid

36
Q

When does anaerobic res take place?

A

When theres lack of oxygen in muscle cells

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