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biology > P1B5 - Health, Disease and medicine development > Flashcards

P1B5 - Health, Disease and medicine development Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Lytic Pathway?

A
  • The virus infects the host cell, replicates and then splits the cell open (cell lysis).
  • This releases more virus pathogens into the environment, invading more cells.
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2
Q

What is the Lysogenic Pathway?

A
  • The virus infects the host cell, but the viral genes stay dormant (inactive).
  • The cell makes lots of copies of itself by mitosis. All of these copies carry the virus genetic material.
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3
Q

What do viruses need to stay alive?

A

Host cells.

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4
Q

What describes a virus?

A
  • Acellular (No cells)
  • Small
  • Non-living
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5
Q

What are some examples of viruses?

A

Ebola
Measles
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

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6
Q

What is measles and its symptoms?

A

Measles is a virus. People with measles often have symptoms that include a fever and red skin rash. Measles can kill (it can be fatal).

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7
Q

What type of drug is used to treat HIV?

A

Antiretroviral drugs

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8
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A pathogen is an organism causing disease to its host.

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9
Q

What are the 4 examples of a pathogen?

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protists

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10
Q

What is bacteria?

A

A large group of single-cell microorganisms. Some cause infections and disease in animals and humans.

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11
Q

What are the new and old definitions of health?

A

Old: The absence of disease of infirmity (physical or mental weakness)

NEW: A state of complete physical mental and social well being. (Definition by World health organisation - WHO)

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12
Q

What can make you vulnerable to declining health?

A

Mental health
Cancer
Allergies
Immune system

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13
Q

Why is HIV dangerous?

A

It can suppress the immune system and makes people more susceptible to catching other infectious diseases.

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14
Q

What is a virus? Adaptions of a virus?

A

Viruses are tiny, non-living particles that reproduce rapidly.

A type of pathogen
All viruses have one or more genetic material
All viruses are surrounded by a protein coat called a CASPID
All viruses are unable to replicate on their own and survive without a host cell so they ‘take over; the living process of cells.

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15
Q

How can you spread an infectious disease?

A

Orally
Air
Sex
Vector
Water
Bodily fluids

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16
Q

How do viruses reproduce? Why does it make us feel ill?

A

To survive and replicate, they invade host cells (animals or plant cells).

The virus particle inserts its own DNA into the host cell’s DNA, which is then copied and used to make more viruses.

Once the new virus particles have been synthesised (made), they cause the cell to burst, releasing the new viruses to invade more cells.

The cell damage makes us feel ill.

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17
Q

What does HIV cause?

A

HIV causes AIDS. AIDS is the name given to the life-threatening infections that can happen when a person’s immune system has been badly damaged by HIV.

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18
Q

How do you prevent the spread of infections?

A

Vaccination
Isolation
Hygiene
Identifying infection
Disease vectors (mosquito nets)

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19
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies and how are they produced?

A

Monoclonal antibodies are large amounts of identical antibodies.

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20
Q

What do monoclonal antibodies do?

A

Monoclonal antibodies are specific to one binding site (area) on one protein antigen. This means that monoclonal antibodies target specific chemicals or cells in the body.

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21
Q

How can a monoclonal antibody be produced using hybridoma cells?

A

1.A mouse is injected with the chosen antigen.

  1. Mouse’s immune system responds by producing lymphocytes (white blood cells) that produce the particular antibody for the antigen
  2. The lymphocytes producing the correct antibody is extracted from mouse.
  3. Cancer cells are grown in a culture
    and the lymphocyte is fused w the cancer cell.
  4. This forms the hybridoma
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22
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

White blood cells

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23
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies treat and diagnose diseases?

A

Monoclonal antibodies can be produced to bind to and locate target cells in the body, e.g. prostate cancer cells.
We can attach anti-cancer drugs to the monoclonal antibodies. When they bind to the cancer cells, they can deliver the drugs directly to the tumours.
This is an effective cancer treatment because the antibodies cannot bind to or damage any normal human body cells without the complementary antigens. This is an advantage that drug therapy and radiotherapy do not have.

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24
Q

How is monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?

A

Pregnant women produce a hormone called HCG.

Monoclonal antibodies can be used in pregnancy tests to bind to the HCG hormone’s antigens.

If the urine contains HCG, the MA attaches to HCG hormone and blue dye in test moves.

The urine moves across strip and attachses to the FIXED MA,
producing a positive result line.

If the urine does not contain HCG, then the antibodies will not bind to the HCG, showing a negative result.

25
Q

What is the name of the specific cell type that produces monoclonal antibodies?

A

Hybridoma cells

26
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Non communicable
The coronary arteries become more narrow because of a build-up of fatty deposits. This reduces blood flow and leads to a lack of oxygen being supplied to the heart muscle.

27
Q

What are antiviral drugs?

A

Drugs used to treat viral infections

28
Q

What are the 2 common treatments for coronary heart disease?

A

Statins and stents

29
Q

What are statins? (Medication)
How can they be used to treat CVD?

A

Drugs that decrease blood cholesterol levels. This decreases the rate at which fatty materials build up.
This also is used to decrease blood pressure.

30
Q

What are stents?
(CVD treatment)

A

Stents are a wire tube inserted in order to keep coronary arteries (arteries that supply the heart) open. ( Widen naerrow blood vessels )

31
Q

What is bypass surgery? (CVD treatment)

A

Inserting new blood vessels to provide an alternate route.

32
Q

What are Immunosuppressant drugs?

A

A drug used to stop the patient’s immune system from rejecting a new donor organ.

33
Q

whATS THE difference between correlation and causation?

A

Correlation - there is a link, with a scientific reason eg. health + income

Causation - One thing causes/makes another thing happen
EG. drop a pen and gravity makes it fall

34
Q

Explain why a person who has one disease is more likely to get a second disease

A

People have a higher chance of developing a secondary disease when:
1. Immune system is damaged or already highly active
2. Damage to natural barriers and defences (Skin,hair,mucus)
3. Organ systems failing

35
Q

What is a disease?

A

A DISEASE is a problem with a structure or process in the body not caused by injury.

36
Q

What is a communicable disease caused by?

A

A communicate disease is caused by a PATHOGEN that can be transmitted from person to person. (HIV, COVID, TB, INFLUENZA, TB)

37
Q

What causes noncommunicable diseases? EXAMPLES?

A

Medical and lifestule risk factors increase the chance or someone having or developing a non communicable disease.

Medicable - High cholesterol
High blood pressure
Diabetes
Genetics

Lifestyle - Obesity
Smoking
Alcohol/drugs
High fat diet

38
Q

What are GENETIC disorders caused by?

A

A faulty allele or gene that is INHERITED

39
Q

What is malnutrition? Examples?

A

Too little or too much of a nutrient.

Scurvy - lack of Vit C
Rickets - Lack of calcium
Anaemia - Lack of iron
Kwashiokor - Lack of protein

40
Q

Why can ethanol in alcohol cause liver damage? ( Cirrohosis)

A

Because ethanol in alcohol is broken down by the liver.

41
Q

What is CVD? ( Cardiovascular disease)

A

A disease inwhich the heart or circulatory system not function properly.

42
Q

How cna the risks of CVD increase?

A

If person has a diet w high sugars and fats.

43
Q

Why does fat make CVD risks higher?

A

Because fats are stored under the skin (subcutaneous) and around organs (visceral).
This can cause problems since excess fat can block blood vessels and restrict heart movement.
(contracting and relaxing)

44
Q

What does CVD include?

A

Coronary heart disease, heart attacks (cardiac arrest), faulty valves, heart failure.

45
Q

What do pathogens have onthe cell surface?

A

Antigens, when detected as non-self in the host it triggers an immune response.

46
Q

What are some common infections and what are the symptoms?
Type of pathogen?

A

Bacteria - Cholera - Diarrhoea

Bacteria - TB - lung damage

Fungi - Charlara ash dieback - LEAF loss and bark lesions

Protist - Malaria - Damage to red blood cells and liver

Virus - HIV - Destroys white blood cells LEADING TO AIDS

Virus - Ebola - Haemorrhagic fever

Bacteria - Stomach ulcers - Stomach pain

47
Q

What do tears contain?

A

A lysozyme enzyme that breaks down cell wall of some bacteria.

48
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Medicijnes that inhibit cell processes in bacteria preventing bacteria grwoth and reproduction.
(only works on bacterial pathogens - TB, cholera)

49
Q

how can bacteria become reissytant?

A

Prescription not being cimpleted, allowing naturally resistant to survive + reproduce

50
Q

What process does antibiotics go through?

A

Quality assurance.

  1. Pre-clinical trials - Computer sims
    - tests on cell cultures (in vitro)
    - Tests on animals
  2. clinical trials - test on small group of healthy volunteers
    - Testing for toxicity
    - testing larger groups to identify larger range of side effects + determine dosage
  3. Carry out blind / double blind tests
    - blind = patient doesnt know if taken real drug or placebo (fake drug)
    - double blind = patient AND doctor doesnt know
  4. Retrial/testing by a number of external companies - remove bias
  5. Produced and sold or can be prescribed legally
51
Q

What happens in the lytic pathway of a virus lifecycle?

A

Lytic (Faster) :
1. Viral genetic material forms a circle
2. New viral genetic material and proteins are produced and assembled
3. Cell lyses, releasing viruses
4. Bacterial chromosome
5. Virus attaches to cell and injects genetic material
6. Repeat

Lysogenic :
1. Viral genetic material forms a circle
2. Viral genetic material inserts itself into the bacterial chromosome
3. Bacterium reproduces normally, replicating viral genetic material at each cell division (Cell and viral genetic material may reproduces many times.)
4. Occasionally, the viral genetic material separates from the bacterial choromosome, causing lytic cycle

52
Q

How do plants protect themselves from pathogens?

A

pHysical barrier - A waxy cuticle layer

53
Q

How can a plants physic barrier (waxy cuticle layer) be damaged?

A

By being damaged or via pores called stomata underneath the leaf.

After the waxy cuticle, theres the tough cell wall. Some pathogens release enzymes that soften this wall.

54
Q

Whta do plants do to prevent them from being eaten?

A

Chemical defences -
1. Poison - can be triggered when a threat is detected or they can be permanent defences (foxgloves)
2. Insect reppelent

55
Q

What do the lectins that some plants contain do? (garlic has lectins)

A

They bind to carbohydrates.

  • Lectins reduce the amount of carbohydrate that the herbivore can absorb from what it eats.
  • Lectins also interfere w reactions involving carbohydrates in the animals body, which causes harm.
  • Lectins are sometimes sprayed on crops
56
Q

What are some medicines that have been developed from plant defense mechanisms?

A

Aspirin - made from plants from salicylic acid to control pain and fevers.

Artemisinin - mmade by plants, kills plasmodium which causes malaria

57
Q

How can a hydridoma cell be formed?

A

A lymphocyte that produces the CORRECT ANTIBODY is fused with cancer cell to form a hybridoma cell.

  • These cells can still divide rapidly and produce the desired antibody.
58
Q

What do normal lymphocytes do?

A

They divide by mitosis until they produce antibodies,
once antibodies r produced the lymphocyte can no longer divide.
So cannot produce large amounts of antibodies.

59
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in medical diagnosis?

A
  1. The Monoclonal A is tagged with a slightly radioactive source,
  2. The MA attaches to cancer cells
  3. Using a PET Scanner, the radiation from the MA is detected.
  4. This means that the location of the cancer cells are visible on PET scan.
  5. Cancer treatment can be attached to MA to target cancer cells and limit human cells being damaged

biology (9 decks)

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