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biology > P2B6 - Plants > Flashcards

P2B6 - Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

How are root hair cells specialised?

A

No chloroplasts - Allows more water absorption
Long projections - Increase the surface area the plant can use to absorb water and minerals.

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2
Q

What does the xylem do?

A

Transport water up the stem of a plant and into the leaves.

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3
Q

How is the xylem specialised?

A

They’re made up of connected dead xylem cells.
The end walls of the dead cells are broken to allow water to move through.
Has lignin.

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4
Q

What is lignin?

A

A substance that strengthens the cell walls of xylem cells.

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5
Q

Why are xylem cells’ end walls broken?

A

To allow water and dissolved minerals to move through.

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6
Q

What is a stomata?

A

Gaps in the lower epidermis of leaves

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7
Q

What does the stomata do?

A

Facilitate (make easier) the diffusion of gases, including evaporated water, in and out of the leaf.

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8
Q

How do guard cells open the stomata?

A

By taking up lots of water, causing swelling.

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9
Q

How do guard cells close the stomata?

A

By losing water, returning to a limp state.

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10
Q

What is the state of stomata?

A

(open or closed) achieves a balance between allowing gases for photosynthesis into the leaves and conserving water in the plant.

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11
Q

State of stomata when water is abundant?

A

Open

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12
Q

State of stomata when water is scarce?

A

Closed

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13
Q

State of stomata at night?

A

Closed - The absence of sunlight, carbon dioxide is not required for photosynthesis.

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14
Q

What is transpiration (Water transport)?

A

Transpiration transports water and the minerals dissolved through the roots to the leaves.

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15
Q

How do root hair cells absorb water?

A

Osmosis

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16
Q

How are minerals transported through plant?

A

Active transport

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17
Q

Whats the process of transpiration?

A
  • Root hair cells absorb water and minerals from soil
  • Then transported in xylem vessels up stem and into leaves
  • Once in leaves, the majority of water evaporates and the water vapour diffuses out through stomata.

This loss of water helps to pull water up from the roots.

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18
Q

What factors affect transpiration?

A
  • Humidity
  • Light intensity
  • Temperature
  • Air flow
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19
Q

How does a potometre measure the rate of transpiration?

A

As water is lost through the plant’s leaves, the air bubble moves.
The speed of the bubble’s movement shows the rate of water uptake.

20
Q

Why is using a potometre to measure rate of transpiration only an estimate?

A

As a small amount of the water taken up by the shoot is used in the leaves.

21
Q

What does the phloem do?

A

Transport food products to parts of the plant where they are needed

22
Q

What are phloem vessels made up of?

A

Phloem vessels are made up of columns of living cells.

23
Q

How is the phloem specialised?

A

The end walls of phloem cells contain small holes to allow food products to move up and down the phloem vessels throughout the plant.

24
Q

What is translocation?

A

Process of food produced in photosynthesis transported from the leaves to the growing regions of plants and storage organs.

25
Q

Feature of the phloem tube?

A

Made up of columns of elongated cells that have holes in the end walls.

The holes allow cell sap to pass between the cells.

26
Q

Difference between transpiration and translocation?

A

Translocation is bidirectional, where movement is both up and down the plant unlike transpiration.

27
Q

Where does translocation happen?

A

Phloem tubes

28
Q

What are the 4 plant organs in leaves?

A

Epidermal tissue
Spongy mesophyll
Palisade mesophyll
Stomata

29
Q

Whats the epidermal tissue?

A

covering that covers the outer surface of leaves (as well as the rest of the plant).

30
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll?

A

Spongy mesophyll contains many air spaces, which help with gas exchange throughout the leaf.

31
Q

Whats the palisade mesophyll and its feature?

A

A row of cells located below the upper epidermis.
The cells are exposed to a lot of sunlight.
- Lots of chloroplasts to maximise the energy from photosynthesis

32
Q

What are the 3 plant hormones?

A

Ethene
Auxins
Gibberellins

33
Q

What is ethene?

A

A gas that controls cell division, leaf fall and the ripening of fruits.

34
Q

What do auxins do?

A

Auxins change growth patterns to allow roots and shoots to move either towards or away from a stimulus.

35
Q

What are tropisms?

A

Responses to stimuli that involve directional growth.

36
Q

What do gibberellins do?

A

They are important in starting off the seed germination process.

37
Q

What are the 2 tropisms?

A

Phototropism
Gravitropism

38
Q

Why do auxin functions differ in roots compared to shoots?

A

In shoots, auxins promote the elongation of cells.
However, in roots, auxins prevent the elongation of cells.

39
Q

What happens if theres an uneven auxin distribution?

A

This unequal auxin distribution will result in increased cell elongation (grows longer) on the shaded side.

40
Q

What is -+ Phototropism?

A

+ = Growing towards light source
- = Growing away from light source

41
Q

What is -+ Gravitropism?

A

+ = Growing towards direction of gravity
- = Growing away from direction of gravity

42
Q

What happens to a plant shoot when auxin concentration is greater on its right side

A

Increased cell elongation on right side.

43
Q

What can auxins be used for?

A
  • Weed killers as they can start rapid enough growth for the weeds to use up all of their resources and die.
  • Rooting powders and to promote root growth in tissue culture.
44
Q

What can gibberellins be used for?

A

Promote flowering, increase fruit size, and start seed germination.
Can be used for production of seedless fruit

45
Q

What can ethene be used for?

A

Ripening of fruits in storage and transport.

46
Q

What is a xerophyte?

A

A plant thats adapted to a high heat and low water environment?

47
Q

What are the adaptions of a xerophyte?

A

Small leaves or spines = less surface area, so less water lost
Small leaves

Sunken stomata which reduces the amount of water vapour that can diffuse out of the stomata.

Waxy cuticle covering epidermis, its waterproof, so reduces water evaporation through it.

biology (9 decks)

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