Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

History A level > P2- What was the state and structure of the Holy Roman Empire? > Flashcards

P2- What was the state and structure of the Holy Roman Empire? Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards World History 101 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who were the lower clergy?

A

They mainly came from the lower classes.
They were poorly educated.
They were vital for ordinary people, as they preached on Sundays and they provided the sacraments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was the Lower clergy’s education like?

A

They had to pay to learn.
Bursaries were hard to get.
They learnt services they couldn’t understand.
Trained too many, resulting in increased unemployment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How could the lower clergy have a negative effect?

A

Many priests broke vows, people saw and were less likely to confess.
More trained meant more unemployment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who were the higher clergy?

A

They were cardinals, bishops and archbishops.
They came from rich families, meaning nobility controlled positions.
They were mostly about wealth and prestigiousness.
Wore rich clothes and had elaborate houses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was the higher education like for the higher clergy?

A

Most were well educated.
Wanted to install good disciples in dioceses.
Could afford a better education.
Most were “good”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who were the prince bishops?

A
  • In charge of imperial cities run like countries
  • Prelates (leading clergy)
  • Often political rulers
  • Had life and death positions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What were the political roles and power of the clergy?

A
  • Appoint councilors
  • Collected taxes, got money off.
  • Managed the legal system
  • Decide foreign policy and alliances, Lurzburg and Russia had holy alliances and own armies.
  • administered properties and revenues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What were the religious roles and powers of the clergy?

A

Guide religious teachings, collecting church taxes, order visitations, make appointments, impose church discipline, enforce canon law.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the main points from the case study of Cardinal Albert of Brandenburg?

A
  • extreme example
  • 19 years old when entered the church as a low level administrator
  • 24 years old when became archbishop, was too young, maybe payed to get the position
  • came from wealthy and powerful family
  • Son of Elector of Brandenburg, nepotism
  • Held 20 other positions
    Payed a large bribe to become archbishop of Magdeburg
  • Bought 19 holy skeletons.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What did the Holy Roman Emperor do?

A

Head of the German people
Had personal territory
No imperial taxation system
Judged legal matters, made the financial decisions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What were some consequences/ main points for the Holy Roman Emperor? (not what he did)

A
  • Different nationality= different responses, German nationalism
  • Had no army
  • crowned by the Pope, king of Roman people
  • elected, make political confessions, bribe to get the role
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What were the states like in the HRE?

A
  • not all had a seat in the Reichstag

- there were too many to count, in 17th century= 300+, some were small private knight estates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many kingdoms were there in the HRE?

A

4 knightdoms, they comprised of independent cities and electoral states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who were the 4 temporal (lay) electors?

A

King of Bohemia
Count Palantine of Rhine
Elector of Saxony
Margrave of Brandenburg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who were the three spiritual (ecclesiastical) electors?

A

Archbishop of Mainz
Archbishop of Trier
Archbishop of Cologne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What was the Golden Bull?

A

In 1556.

Gained power from territories. Significant in coronation ceremony. Rebellion against = treason. Issue own currency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What did the princes do?

A
  • They had sovereign power and resented imperial interference.
  • Traded land and increased territory
  • When short of money, relied on other states
  • Weak emperor= increased prince power
  • Dominated Reichstag
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many free imperial cities were there?

A
  • 85 in total
  • Population between 20,000- 100,000
  • Not under the control of princes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why were free imperial cities wealthy?

A
  • Had universities and printing presses, internal and external routes.
  • Major trading and financial cities
  • Protected by external walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What was the first chamber of the Reichstag for?

A

It was the college of electors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What was the second chamber of the Reichstag for?

A
  • It was the college for the princes.
  • Non- elected
  • Divided between lay and ecclesiastical
  • Varied in wealth and influence
  • More powerful prices had a vote, others created groups called colleges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What was the first chamber in the Reichstag?

A

1489- Free imperial cities split in 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What were common festivals?

A
  • Local shrines were popular
  • Mystics were common and admired
  • Pilgrimages were popular
    Saints days were observed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What were relics?

A

Were holy objects and highly venerated.
Payed to touch and see them
Gained genuine faith and were devoted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How many relics did Elector Fredrick of Saxony have?

A

Had 19,000 relics by 1520.
1,900,000 years of penance.
Opened up to the the public

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What did German opposition include?

A

Rarely German opposition.
Humanist ideas from educated elites.
Johan Wycliffe = English
Jan Hus and followers in Bohemia (Czech republic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What were indulgences?

A

Ordinary Germans thought would reduce time in purgatory.
People had genuine faith in purgatory
Belief in the power of penance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What were payments?

A

Pay taxes of decorations (iconography), sent people to collect money. Less likely to go to hell. Some complaints were made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What was iconography and who payed for them?

A

They were decorations like sculptures and ornaments.

Local communities paid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What were services offered?

A

Mass was well attended, they didn’t age in it.

Accepted salvation came via 7 sacraments given by priests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What were medieval mystics?

A
  • People (mainly women) found angels at various stages, e.g. visitations
  • Men had epiphanies. E.g. German man ate an apple a day, cut in 4, ate 1/4 with 3/4 for holy trinity.
32
Q

Who was Charles V?

A

He was the emperor of the New World.
The king of Spain
After 1519, the Holy Roman Emperor

33
Q

What were Charles V’s problems in the 1519 election?

A
  • Revolution in Ghent
  • Pope didn’t support him
  • Power limited by German princes
  • Inexperienced, elected when 19
  • Wasn’t totally accepted, grew up in the Netherlands
  • Each country/ crown had different structures, some didn’t allow to create a universal imperial policy
  • Struggled with Turks in Hungary and Balkans
34
Q

What territory did Charles V inherit?

A

Austria, Naples, Spanish America.
1515 inherited Spain and the Hapsburg lands (Netherlands)
Elected for HRE (1519) when Maximilian died

35
Q

What were the disadvantages of Charles V inheriting territory?

A
  • Not fully engaged in one area.
  • Needed a lot of money to fight.
  • Large travel distance
  • Restricted power
36
Q

What was Charles V’s heritage?

A
  • Parents: Joanna the mad and Philip I (the handsome)
  • German Habsburg, house of Burgundy
  • Flemish/ Frank
  • Heir to the Spanish kingdom
  • Raised in the Netherlands
  • Ambiguous relationship with France
  • Tradition of political and dynastical eninimity, royal and Burgundian lines of the Valois dynasty.
37
Q

What could be a consequence of Charles V’s heritage?

A

As German nationalism and xenophobia increased, people were less likely to follow him

38
Q

What were Charles V’s 1519 aims?

A
  • To defend Christendom against the Ottomans

- 28th June 1519, elected with Fugger family

39
Q

Who was another HRE candidate?

A
  • King Francis I, who had the Pope’s support
40
Q

What is a reason why Charles V was a candidate for HRE?

A

1519, grandfather Maximilian died.

Inherited Hapsburg.

41
Q

What were Charles V’s limitations in the 1519 election?

A
  • Consult electors and Reichstag on imperial matters.
  • Couldn’t declare war without consult of all electors
  • Has to respect rights and privileges’ of princes
  • agreed not to appoint foreigners to imperial officers
  • required not to bring any foreign troops into the empire, e.g. Spanish and Flemish.
42
Q

Why did more people move from the country to towns and what were the consequences?

A
  • Had a better life and more opportunities, some were successful
  • Created high levels of poverty
  • Increased concentrations of people meant ides spread quickly
43
Q

How and why were cities becoming increasingly more independant?

A

Gained own rulers and governments

  • Varied in structure (knights and families)
  • Most rulers oligarchy
  • Knights and noblemen used influence by dominating and changing governments.

Some were more independent from sovereign rulers than others.

  • Larger towns= more urbanization, protecting rights and independence
  • More power for German towns= weaker government
  • 13th century, high levels of autonomy
44
Q

What did cities and towns have large amounts of?

A

Cathedrals, town halls and market halls.

Major towns and cities had rivers.

45
Q

How and why were towns and cities defeted?

A
  • They were centers of trade, communication and military defense.
  • Defending against other princes’ lands
  • Defended by walls and gates in case of attack
46
Q

What were rising reasons for why there were economic problems?

A

Politics, peasants’ pressure, increasing population = competing work

47
Q

What could be reasons for economic problems?

A
  • Commodity prices rose, in most places, not Germany, suffered.
  • Prices rose 250%, wages didn’t
  • Rising reasons.
48
Q

How many cities was the printing press in and where was the main base?

A

main base= Nuremburg.

1450, 30+ cities

49
Q

What was popular with the printing press?

A
  • travel guides and pamphlet were popular
  • 1500-1530, 10,000+ pamphlets published in Germany
  • More jobs and more books bought
50
Q

Where and when was the printing press invested?

A

Invented in 15th century Mainz, Rhine, Germany

51
Q

What were the consequences of the printing press?

A
  • News and ideas spread quickly
  • Big demand
  • More jobs, less employment
  • More books bought
52
Q

How had communications become quicker and easier?

A
  • Postal services run by monopolies, Germany, France and Spain
  • Merchants had goods and letters, major cities had rivers
  • Wars = news service
53
Q

What was the Hanseatic League?

A

Northern league trade control

54
Q

What was trade like between other countries?

A
  • Easy to trade
  • Used waterways
  • Improvements to canals and German water ways
55
Q

What was trade like between states?

A
  • Urban fairs were crucial, deals, gossip/ money exchange, most had fairs/ markets
  • Varied depending on the location
  • Was a lot between well established market towns
  • Tolls between states, tied to abolish
  • No central economic policy for all of HRE, different weights, monies and coinage, each state owned policies
56
Q

What was the effect of the princes?

A
  • Secular ruler and administrator wanted control over church finances
  • Taxes raised by bishops and popes, hostile rise of Protestantism
  • Money from polls
  • Relied on revenues, taxes, loans and rights
57
Q

What was the general German economy in the 16th century?

A
  • high economic problems for rural labourers, rising territories
  • new commodities became available
  • Variation in towns= prosperity for some
58
Q

How was Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia) a weakness for Papacy?

A
  • Died when drank poison for someone else
  • Children with mistresses
  • Regular orgies and parties
59
Q

How was Pope Leo X a weakness for papcy?

A
  • 1513 became a Pope, 2 days becoming a priest he became pope
  • Wanted to rebuild Rome, increased taxes and loans from the faithful
60
Q

How was Pope Julius II a weakness in Papacy?

A

Spent a lot of money on war

61
Q

How was papacy a weakness?

A
  • They were elected because if bribes
  • By 1500, usually came from a wealthy Italian family, showed off wealth
  • Large tax burden caused distress, xenophobia against Italians, encouraged anti-papalism
62
Q

How was humanist education seen as a weakness and what were factors of it?

A
  • Intellectual movement wanting to study the Bible in Latin and Greek.
  • Emphasized practical pre-professional and scientific studies solely for job preparation
  • uneducated couldn’t understand, most were uneducated.
  • Had a utilitarianist approach, creating citizens that could speak and write eloquently
  • Set up schools and taught
63
Q

How is Sir Thomas More linked to Humanism?

A

1517 entered king’s service, 1521 knighted.
- resigned as chancellor in reformation
- Close to Catholic theologian Erasmus, polemics against Martin Luther and Protestantism
- Some time in the household of John Morton
Became a lawyer at Cambridge university
- executed/ beheaded

64
Q

How was Humanism not a main source of the reformation?

A
  • Not all theologians were against Erasmus
  • Wanted to go back to roots
  • Wanted own languages for the Bible
65
Q

What were indulgences?

A
  • Pardons from purgatory
  • Venerate and touch a relic
  • Suggested soul released from a cash payment
  • Someone would pay for you
  • Signed by the Pope, cost money
  • Did penance (Ave Maria)
  • Had to be genuinely sorry
  • Made clergy by Pope (archbishop) signed for country on behalf of the Pope
  • 1476, could ask for someone else
66
Q

How did John Tetzel help with the selling of indulgences?

A
  • He had a bog procession, but God/ Jesus didn’t, over the top show
  • Acted on emotion and sympathy
  • used pyrotechniques and special effects, overly dramatic
  • Found Pope was in debt from Gambling
  • Luther and Tetzel new each other, Luther saw Tetzel
  • 4-5 sources said could sleep with virgin Mary and indulgences would solve it
67
Q

What is significant about the quote: “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs”?

A
  • Saying that they could buy indulgences for the dead, pay before their death, or the dead would go to hell. The official church said the opposite.
  • More likely to believe (rhyme/ catchy)
  • Germans believed all money goes to Rome and other archbishops. Said they were fooled and were really negative
68
Q

How was German nationalism a chnge?

A
  • Empire boundaries became more strongly defined around German speaking territories in the 15th Century.
  • Swiss opted out of the diet, Burgundian land no longer had a role
  • German = language of law, business and administration
  • became insular
  • increased tensions between Germans and non Germans
  • Increased interest in German history, 1947 Germania translation by Tacitus published
  • Growing consciences of German Nation, Alsace writers strengthened.
69
Q

How was increasing Turkish/ Ottoman threat a change?

A

1499- Attack on Vienna repulsed
1511- Expanding westwards gaining towns on Adrianic coast
1520- Sulien the Magnificent, leader of the Ottomans conquered Serbia and Rhodes
1526- Ottoman Victory at the Battle Mohaes
- Imposed rule over Hungary (was Charles V’s

  • More immanent threat, HRE limited in army raising power
  • Selim I conquered Jerusalem and Baghdad, built Turkish navy
  • Ottoman empire expanding to Eastern Europe
70
Q

How did criticism towards the Pope change?

A
  • The Pope was always Italian, felt the church was controlled by foreigners
  • Taxes were bitterly resented
  • Demands of papacy and Catholic church in German states
  • 1/5 German territory was ruled by bishops and archbishops, competition between, large bribes from German families.
  • Centralized states lowered taxes, e.g. France and England
71
Q

What did Luther think about his 1510 Rome visit?

A
  • 1510 visited Rome as an Augustinian monastery representative
  • was a 2 month journey arriving in September with a companion
  • Money had religious importance, profited from pilgrimages and ordinary people
  • Appalled by corruption saw, angry about indulgences, private mass rushed through with no confession, saw gambling, prostitutes, only cared about money
  • They don’t fully believe
72
Q

What is the significance of Luther joining the Augustinian order?

A
  • Augustinian monks were strict; White training robes, black confirmed.
  • Payed for training
  • endless confession, soul laid out for 6h 4times a day
  • He didn’t think he was good enough for god, slept in the snow
73
Q

What were Luther’s main dates before 1517?

A 
10th November 1483, born
1505, joined monastic order
studied law at Erfurt university
1517, teaching at Wittenberg University
1520, visited Rome as Augustinian representative
1512, became a doctor of theology
74
Q

What were Luther’s views on indulgences?

A
  • Main point of the 95 theses
  • Opposed to abuse of them and the overconfidence in them
  • preaching against 3x before 1516
  • Rejecting/ challenging doctrine of good works, good works would not help get God’s mercy
75
Q

What were the main problems for Luther’s attack on indulgences?

A
  • Source of money for religious authorities
  • Good for secular rulers, cut of money raised.
  • First attack on funding the university he worked at
76
Q

Who were the two main people connected to Humanism?

A

Thomas More

Erasmus

History A level (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions