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History A level > P2- What was the state and structure of the Holy Roman Empire? > Flashcards

P2- What was the state and structure of the Holy Roman Empire? Flashcards

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1
Q

Who were the lower clergy?

A

They mainly came from the lower classes.
They were poorly educated.
They were vital for ordinary people, as they preached on Sundays and they provided the sacraments.

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2
Q

What was the Lower clergy’s education like?

A

They had to pay to learn.
Bursaries were hard to get.
They learnt services they couldn’t understand.
Trained too many, resulting in increased unemployment

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3
Q

How could the lower clergy have a negative effect?

A

Many priests broke vows, people saw and were less likely to confess.
More trained meant more unemployment

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4
Q

Who were the higher clergy?

A

They were cardinals, bishops and archbishops.
They came from rich families, meaning nobility controlled positions.
They were mostly about wealth and prestigiousness.
Wore rich clothes and had elaborate houses.

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5
Q

What was the higher education like for the higher clergy?

A

Most were well educated.
Wanted to install good disciples in dioceses.
Could afford a better education.
Most were “good”.

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6
Q

Who were the prince bishops?

A
  • In charge of imperial cities run like countries
  • Prelates (leading clergy)
  • Often political rulers
  • Had life and death positions
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7
Q

What were the political roles and power of the clergy?

A
  • Appoint councilors
  • Collected taxes, got money off.
  • Managed the legal system
  • Decide foreign policy and alliances, Lurzburg and Russia had holy alliances and own armies.
  • administered properties and revenues
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8
Q

What were the religious roles and powers of the clergy?

A

Guide religious teachings, collecting church taxes, order visitations, make appointments, impose church discipline, enforce canon law.

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9
Q

What are the main points from the case study of Cardinal Albert of Brandenburg?

A
  • extreme example
  • 19 years old when entered the church as a low level administrator
  • 24 years old when became archbishop, was too young, maybe payed to get the position
  • came from wealthy and powerful family
  • Son of Elector of Brandenburg, nepotism
  • Held 20 other positions
    Payed a large bribe to become archbishop of Magdeburg
  • Bought 19 holy skeletons.
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10
Q

What did the Holy Roman Emperor do?

A

Head of the German people
Had personal territory
No imperial taxation system
Judged legal matters, made the financial decisions.

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11
Q

What were some consequences/ main points for the Holy Roman Emperor? (not what he did)

A
  • Different nationality= different responses, German nationalism
  • Had no army
  • crowned by the Pope, king of Roman people
  • elected, make political confessions, bribe to get the role
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12
Q

What were the states like in the HRE?

A
  • not all had a seat in the Reichstag

- there were too many to count, in 17th century= 300+, some were small private knight estates.

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13
Q

How many kingdoms were there in the HRE?

A

4 knightdoms, they comprised of independent cities and electoral states

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14
Q

Who were the 4 temporal (lay) electors?

A

King of Bohemia
Count Palantine of Rhine
Elector of Saxony
Margrave of Brandenburg

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15
Q

Who were the three spiritual (ecclesiastical) electors?

A

Archbishop of Mainz
Archbishop of Trier
Archbishop of Cologne

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16
Q

What was the Golden Bull?

A

In 1556.

Gained power from territories. Significant in coronation ceremony. Rebellion against = treason. Issue own currency.

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17
Q

What did the princes do?

A
  • They had sovereign power and resented imperial interference.
  • Traded land and increased territory
  • When short of money, relied on other states
  • Weak emperor= increased prince power
  • Dominated Reichstag
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18
Q

How many free imperial cities were there?

A
  • 85 in total
  • Population between 20,000- 100,000
  • Not under the control of princes
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19
Q

Why were free imperial cities wealthy?

A
  • Had universities and printing presses, internal and external routes.
  • Major trading and financial cities
  • Protected by external walls
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20
Q

What was the first chamber of the Reichstag for?

A

It was the college of electors

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21
Q

What was the second chamber of the Reichstag for?

A
  • It was the college for the princes.
  • Non- elected
  • Divided between lay and ecclesiastical
  • Varied in wealth and influence
  • More powerful prices had a vote, others created groups called colleges
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22
Q

What was the first chamber in the Reichstag?

A

1489- Free imperial cities split in 2

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23
Q

What were common festivals?

A
  • Local shrines were popular
  • Mystics were common and admired
  • Pilgrimages were popular
    Saints days were observed
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24
Q

What were relics?

A

Were holy objects and highly venerated.
Payed to touch and see them
Gained genuine faith and were devoted

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25
Q

How many relics did Elector Fredrick of Saxony have?

A

Had 19,000 relics by 1520.
1,900,000 years of penance.
Opened up to the the public

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26
Q

What did German opposition include?

A

Rarely German opposition.
Humanist ideas from educated elites.
Johan Wycliffe = English
Jan Hus and followers in Bohemia (Czech republic)

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27
Q

What were indulgences?

A

Ordinary Germans thought would reduce time in purgatory.
People had genuine faith in purgatory
Belief in the power of penance.

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28
Q

What were payments?

A

Pay taxes of decorations (iconography), sent people to collect money. Less likely to go to hell. Some complaints were made.

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29
Q

What was iconography and who payed for them?

A

They were decorations like sculptures and ornaments.

Local communities paid.

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30
Q

What were services offered?

A

Mass was well attended, they didn’t age in it.

Accepted salvation came via 7 sacraments given by priests.

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31
Q

What were medieval mystics?

A
  • People (mainly women) found angels at various stages, e.g. visitations
  • Men had epiphanies. E.g. German man ate an apple a day, cut in 4, ate 1/4 with 3/4 for holy trinity.
32
Q

Who was Charles V?

A

He was the emperor of the New World.
The king of Spain
After 1519, the Holy Roman Emperor

33
Q

What were Charles V’s problems in the 1519 election?

A
  • Revolution in Ghent
  • Pope didn’t support him
  • Power limited by German princes
  • Inexperienced, elected when 19
  • Wasn’t totally accepted, grew up in the Netherlands
  • Each country/ crown had different structures, some didn’t allow to create a universal imperial policy
  • Struggled with Turks in Hungary and Balkans
34
Q

What territory did Charles V inherit?

A

Austria, Naples, Spanish America.
1515 inherited Spain and the Hapsburg lands (Netherlands)
Elected for HRE (1519) when Maximilian died

35
Q

What were the disadvantages of Charles V inheriting territory?

A
  • Not fully engaged in one area.
  • Needed a lot of money to fight.
  • Large travel distance
  • Restricted power
36
Q

What was Charles V’s heritage?

A
  • Parents: Joanna the mad and Philip I (the handsome)
  • German Habsburg, house of Burgundy
  • Flemish/ Frank
  • Heir to the Spanish kingdom
  • Raised in the Netherlands
  • Ambiguous relationship with France
  • Tradition of political and dynastical eninimity, royal and Burgundian lines of the Valois dynasty.
37
Q

What could be a consequence of Charles V’s heritage?

A

As German nationalism and xenophobia increased, people were less likely to follow him

38
Q

What were Charles V’s 1519 aims?

A
  • To defend Christendom against the Ottomans

- 28th June 1519, elected with Fugger family

39
Q

Who was another HRE candidate?

A
  • King Francis I, who had the Pope’s support
40
Q

What is a reason why Charles V was a candidate for HRE?

A

1519, grandfather Maximilian died.

Inherited Hapsburg.

41
Q

What were Charles V’s limitations in the 1519 election?

A
  • Consult electors and Reichstag on imperial matters.
  • Couldn’t declare war without consult of all electors
  • Has to respect rights and privileges’ of princes
  • agreed not to appoint foreigners to imperial officers
  • required not to bring any foreign troops into the empire, e.g. Spanish and Flemish.
42
Q

Why did more people move from the country to towns and what were the consequences?

A
  • Had a better life and more opportunities, some were successful
  • Created high levels of poverty
  • Increased concentrations of people meant ides spread quickly
43
Q

How and why were cities becoming increasingly more independant?

A

Gained own rulers and governments

  • Varied in structure (knights and families)
  • Most rulers oligarchy
  • Knights and noblemen used influence by dominating and changing governments.

Some were more independent from sovereign rulers than others.

  • Larger towns= more urbanization, protecting rights and independence
  • More power for German towns= weaker government
  • 13th century, high levels of autonomy
44
Q

What did cities and towns have large amounts of?

A

Cathedrals, town halls and market halls.

Major towns and cities had rivers.

45
Q

How and why were towns and cities defeted?

A
  • They were centers of trade, communication and military defense.
  • Defending against other princes’ lands
  • Defended by walls and gates in case of attack
46
Q

What were rising reasons for why there were economic problems?

A

Politics, peasants’ pressure, increasing population = competing work

47
Q

What could be reasons for economic problems?

A
  • Commodity prices rose, in most places, not Germany, suffered.
  • Prices rose 250%, wages didn’t
  • Rising reasons.
48
Q

How many cities was the printing press in and where was the main base?

A

main base= Nuremburg.

1450, 30+ cities

49
Q

What was popular with the printing press?

A
  • travel guides and pamphlet were popular
  • 1500-1530, 10,000+ pamphlets published in Germany
  • More jobs and more books bought
50
Q

Where and when was the printing press invested?

A

Invented in 15th century Mainz, Rhine, Germany

51
Q

What were the consequences of the printing press?

A
  • News and ideas spread quickly
  • Big demand
  • More jobs, less employment
  • More books bought
52
Q

How had communications become quicker and easier?

A
  • Postal services run by monopolies, Germany, France and Spain
  • Merchants had goods and letters, major cities had rivers
  • Wars = news service
53
Q

What was the Hanseatic League?

A

Northern league trade control

54
Q

What was trade like between other countries?

A
  • Easy to trade
  • Used waterways
  • Improvements to canals and German water ways
55
Q

What was trade like between states?

A
  • Urban fairs were crucial, deals, gossip/ money exchange, most had fairs/ markets
  • Varied depending on the location
  • Was a lot between well established market towns
  • Tolls between states, tied to abolish
  • No central economic policy for all of HRE, different weights, monies and coinage, each state owned policies
56
Q

What was the effect of the princes?

A
  • Secular ruler and administrator wanted control over church finances
  • Taxes raised by bishops and popes, hostile rise of Protestantism
  • Money from polls
  • Relied on revenues, taxes, loans and rights
57
Q

What was the general German economy in the 16th century?

A
  • high economic problems for rural labourers, rising territories
  • new commodities became available
  • Variation in towns= prosperity for some
58
Q

How was Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia) a weakness for Papacy?

A
  • Died when drank poison for someone else
  • Children with mistresses
  • Regular orgies and parties
59
Q

How was Pope Leo X a weakness for papcy?

A
  • 1513 became a Pope, 2 days becoming a priest he became pope
  • Wanted to rebuild Rome, increased taxes and loans from the faithful
60
Q

How was Pope Julius II a weakness in Papacy?

A

Spent a lot of money on war

61
Q

How was papacy a weakness?

A
  • They were elected because if bribes
  • By 1500, usually came from a wealthy Italian family, showed off wealth
  • Large tax burden caused distress, xenophobia against Italians, encouraged anti-papalism
62
Q

How was humanist education seen as a weakness and what were factors of it?

A
  • Intellectual movement wanting to study the Bible in Latin and Greek.
  • Emphasized practical pre-professional and scientific studies solely for job preparation
  • uneducated couldn’t understand, most were uneducated.
  • Had a utilitarianist approach, creating citizens that could speak and write eloquently
  • Set up schools and taught
63
Q

How is Sir Thomas More linked to Humanism?

A

1517 entered king’s service, 1521 knighted.
- resigned as chancellor in reformation
- Close to Catholic theologian Erasmus, polemics against Martin Luther and Protestantism
- Some time in the household of John Morton
Became a lawyer at Cambridge university
- executed/ beheaded

64
Q

How was Humanism not a main source of the reformation?

A
  • Not all theologians were against Erasmus
  • Wanted to go back to roots
  • Wanted own languages for the Bible
65
Q

What were indulgences?

A
  • Pardons from purgatory
  • Venerate and touch a relic
  • Suggested soul released from a cash payment
  • Someone would pay for you
  • Signed by the Pope, cost money
  • Did penance (Ave Maria)
  • Had to be genuinely sorry
  • Made clergy by Pope (archbishop) signed for country on behalf of the Pope
  • 1476, could ask for someone else
66
Q

How did John Tetzel help with the selling of indulgences?

A
  • He had a bog procession, but God/ Jesus didn’t, over the top show
  • Acted on emotion and sympathy
  • used pyrotechniques and special effects, overly dramatic
  • Found Pope was in debt from Gambling
  • Luther and Tetzel new each other, Luther saw Tetzel
  • 4-5 sources said could sleep with virgin Mary and indulgences would solve it
67
Q

What is significant about the quote: “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs”?

A
  • Saying that they could buy indulgences for the dead, pay before their death, or the dead would go to hell. The official church said the opposite.
  • More likely to believe (rhyme/ catchy)
  • Germans believed all money goes to Rome and other archbishops. Said they were fooled and were really negative
68
Q

How was German nationalism a chnge?

A
  • Empire boundaries became more strongly defined around German speaking territories in the 15th Century.
  • Swiss opted out of the diet, Burgundian land no longer had a role
  • German = language of law, business and administration
  • became insular
  • increased tensions between Germans and non Germans
  • Increased interest in German history, 1947 Germania translation by Tacitus published
  • Growing consciences of German Nation, Alsace writers strengthened.
69
Q

How was increasing Turkish/ Ottoman threat a change?

A

1499- Attack on Vienna repulsed
1511- Expanding westwards gaining towns on Adrianic coast
1520- Sulien the Magnificent, leader of the Ottomans conquered Serbia and Rhodes
1526- Ottoman Victory at the Battle Mohaes
- Imposed rule over Hungary (was Charles V’s

  • More immanent threat, HRE limited in army raising power
  • Selim I conquered Jerusalem and Baghdad, built Turkish navy
  • Ottoman empire expanding to Eastern Europe
70
Q

How did criticism towards the Pope change?

A
  • The Pope was always Italian, felt the church was controlled by foreigners
  • Taxes were bitterly resented
  • Demands of papacy and Catholic church in German states
  • 1/5 German territory was ruled by bishops and archbishops, competition between, large bribes from German families.
  • Centralized states lowered taxes, e.g. France and England
71
Q

What did Luther think about his 1510 Rome visit?

A
  • 1510 visited Rome as an Augustinian monastery representative
  • was a 2 month journey arriving in September with a companion
  • Money had religious importance, profited from pilgrimages and ordinary people
  • Appalled by corruption saw, angry about indulgences, private mass rushed through with no confession, saw gambling, prostitutes, only cared about money
  • They don’t fully believe
72
Q

What is the significance of Luther joining the Augustinian order?

A
  • Augustinian monks were strict; White training robes, black confirmed.
  • Payed for training
  • endless confession, soul laid out for 6h 4times a day
  • He didn’t think he was good enough for god, slept in the snow
73
Q

What were Luther’s main dates before 1517?

A 
10th November 1483, born
1505, joined monastic order
studied law at Erfurt university
1517, teaching at Wittenberg University
1520, visited Rome as Augustinian representative
1512, became a doctor of theology
74
Q

What were Luther’s views on indulgences?

A
  • Main point of the 95 theses
  • Opposed to abuse of them and the overconfidence in them
  • preaching against 3x before 1516
  • Rejecting/ challenging doctrine of good works, good works would not help get God’s mercy
75
Q

What were the main problems for Luther’s attack on indulgences?

A
  • Source of money for religious authorities
  • Good for secular rulers, cut of money raised.
  • First attack on funding the university he worked at
76
Q

Who were the two main people connected to Humanism?

A

Thomas More

Erasmus

History A level (8 decks)

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