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AQA A-Level Psychology (2) > P2 Section A (Approaches in Psychology) > Flashcards

P2 Section A (Approaches in Psychology) Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and its functions

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2
Q

Cartesian Dualism

A

Cartesian dualism is the idea that the mind and body are different, firstly proposed by Rene Descartes

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3
Q

what did John Locke propose and what is it

A

John Locke proposed empiricism which is the idea that all experiences can be obtained through the senses forming the basis of behaviourism

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4
Q

what did Charles Darwin say (successive/adaptive)

A

Charlies Darwin said all human behaviour has changed over successive generations and individuals with more adaptive genes survive - evolutionary approach.

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5
Q

what did Wilhelm Wundt do

A

Wilhelm Wundt composed the first experimental psychology lab in 1879 and was coined father of psychology as he moved it from philosophical roots to empirical method

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6
Q

What was Sigmund Freud’s psychodynamic therapy

A

Sigmund Freud’s psychodynamic therapy was a dream therapy called PSYCHOANALYSIS.

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7
Q

what did John B Watson write

A

John B Watson wrote “Psychology as the behaviourist views it” and with BF SKINNERS later involvement, the behaviourist approach is made.

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8
Q

Why did Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow form the Humanistic Approach

A

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow formed the Humanistic Approach as they rejected the belief that the individual couldn’t make their own behaviour and believed humans have free will

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9
Q

what did Ulric Neisser publish

A

Ulric Neisser published “Cognitive Psychology” and the cognitive approach came about in the 60s - the belief that the mind works like a computer.

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10
Q

what did Bandura do

A

Albert Bandura created a bridge between cognitive and behaviourist approaches with social learning theory.

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11
Q

Introspection

A

Introspection is the systematic method (developed by Wilhelm Wundt) of observing and examining conscious thoughts or emotions.

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12
Q

Cons of introspection

A

Cons of introspection are that it relies on an abstract concept (the mind), patients may not tell the truth in self-analysis as it is prone to social desirability bias and it is dependant on the environment as feelings and memories may influence answers during self-analysis, which is bad as it requires full attention

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13
Q

why do behaviourists disagree with introspection?

A

Behaviourists disagree with introspection as it is too vague and difficult to measure. Behaviourists use lab experiments to achieve this.

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14
Q

classical conditioning

A

Classical conditioning is how a neutral stimulus can elicit a new conditioned response.

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15
Q

Ivan Pavlovs classical conditioning on a dog

A

Ivan Pavlov used classical conditioning on a dog. Food (unconditioned stimulus) caused the dog to salivate (unlearned response). A bell (neutral stimulus) caused no reaction from the dog. When the bell and food were paired, the dog salivated. After, the bell was rang and the dog salivated as it became a conditioned response and stimulus.

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16
Q

Could classical conditioning be applied to humans? Yes and No -

A

classical conditioning can be applied to humans as darwin said all animals learn in the same way.
classical conditioning can’t be applied to humans as humans have critical thinking and have more awareness.

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17
Q

Watson and Rayner (1920) little albert pre study (9 months/unemotional)

A

In 1920, Watson and Rayner tested 9 month old little albert against his reactions to rabbits, rats, monkeys and different masks. He was described as “on the whole solid and unemotional”.

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18
Q

Watson and Rayner method

A

Watson and Rayner’s method was little albert turned 11 months old, a white rat was presented and seconds later a metal bar was struck - he began to cry It was done 7 times over 7 weeks and he cried every time. Every time the white rat was shown on its own, little albert cried.

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19
Q

What were Watson and Rayners findings from classical conditioning - phobias (behaviourism)

A

Watson and Rayner findings from classical conditioning was that Little Albert’s phobia of white rats generalised to similar things like the family dog and a white hat

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20
Q

What is extinction (phobias)

A

extinction is when a fear is lost after conditioning stops taking place such as to little albert after 10 days of not being conditioned.

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21
Q

pros of the little albert study (classical conditioning- behaviourism)

A

pros of the little albert study are that it proved classical conditioning can work on humans, it also proved extinction and also proved generalisation of phobias.

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22
Q

cons of the little albert study

A

a con of the little albert study is that it is unethical. another con is that it can’t be applied universally.

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23
Q

Thorndikes operant conditioning on a cat in a puzzle box(behaviourist)

A

Thorndike placed a cat in a puzzle box and it was encouraged to escape and reach fish placed outside. Thorndike found that the cat would stumble across lever that opened cage. as the cat kept getting put in the box, they became quicker at opening

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24
Q

what was thorndikes LAW OF EFFECT

A

thorndikes law of effect states any behaviour that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated. vice versa.

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25
Q

how does BF Skinner say people learn (behaviourist)

A

BF Skinner said humans operate on their environment and learn by consequences - being rewarded and punished for certain behaviours.

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26
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

operant conditioning is learning when behaviour is shaped and maintained by consequences.

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27
Q

what are consequences that we learn from in operant conditioning

A

in operant conditioning we learn from the consequences of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment

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28
Q

how did skinner prove operant conditioning (rats)

A

to prove operant conditioning, skinner place rats in a box. ever time the rats pressed a lever in the box, they’d be given a food pellet. Skinner found that the rats got quicker at pressing the lever as they were given food for it. this is positive reinforcement.

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29
Q

positive reinforcement (operant conditioning)

A

positive reinforcement is introducing a desirable stimulus (a reward) to encourage behaviour.

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30
Q

negative reinforcement (operant conditioning)

A

negative reinforcement is removing something negative to strengthen a behaviour e.g. removing homework for next lesson if the previous one is done well

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31
Q

What is punishment in operant conditioning (introducing)

A

Punishment in operant conditioning is introducing a negative consequence to prevent a behaviour

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32
Q

what do behaviourists pavlov and skinner think we learn from

A

behaviourist pavlov says we learn from association
behaviourist skinner says we learn from consequences

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33
Q

what is social learning theory

A

social learning theory is the theory proposed by Bandura that says we learn by observing and imitating others

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34
Q

why did Bandura (SLT) disagree with classical and operant conditioning?

A

Bandura disagrees with operant and classical conditioning as it couldn’t account for all human learning since there are mental processes that mediate between stimulus and response

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35
Q

what are role models in social learning theory (bandura)

A

role models in social learning theory are the people children identify with and observe and imitate (like parents and TV characters).

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36
Q

vicarious reinforcement (social learning theory)

A

vicarious reinforcement is the idea that behaviour is only imitated if it is reinforced/rewarded

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37
Q

What are mediational processes in social learning theory

A

mediational processes in social learning theory are cognitive factors that determine whether a behaviour is acquired or not

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38
Q

what are the four mediational processes? (SLT)

A

in SLT, mediational processes are attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation

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39
Q

what is ATTENTION mediational process (SLT)

A

ATTENTION is whether we notice a behaviour

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40
Q

mediational process of RETENTION (SLT)

A

the mediational process in SLT of RETENTION is where we remember a behaviour

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41
Q

what is the mediational process of motor reproduction (SLT)

A

the mediational process of motor reproduction is whether we are able to perform the behaviour

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42
Q

mediational process of motivation (SLT)

A

the mediational process in SLT of MOTIVATION is whether the behaviour is rewarded or punished

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43
Q

banduras bobo doll study (for social learning theory)

A

banduras bobo doll study (for social learning theory) had 3 groups of 12 boys and 12 girls. One group observed their model behave aggressively to a doll (using hammers and throwing the doll), the other observed their model ignore the doll and play quietly with a tinker toy set, the other 24 were a control group and weren’t exposed to the doll

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44
Q

banduras bobo doll study findings (for social learning theory)

A

bandura found from his bobo doll study that the majority of the children in their groups imitated their model and either smashed the doll or played nicely.

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45
Q

pro of social learning theory

A

a pro of social learning theory is that it is holistic by acknowledging the role of cognitive processes in deciding whether behaviours are imitated or not an

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46
Q

con of social learning theory

A

a con of social learning theory is that there is little reference to biological factors like in Banduras bobo doll study where boys were more likely to behave aggressively that girls regardless of the situation but there is higher testosterone in males (hormonal factors) and also it cannot explain behaviour like psychopathy when there is no opportunity to learn the behaviour

47
Q

what is the cognitive approach

A

the cognitive approach is the theory focusing on how the effects of beliefs, feelings and attitudes determine behaviour arguing the brain should be studied scientifically

48
Q

what do behaviourists argue against cognitive psychologists?

A

behaviourists argue cognitive psychologists make inferences about what is going on inside someone’s mind on the basis of their behaviours.

49
Q

what is the information processing approach (cognitive approach)

A

the information processing approach suggests information flows through a cognitive system like a computer (the stores, coding processing unit etc)

50
Q

what are schemas (cognitive approach)

A

a schema is a mental framework like a package of information that are developed through experience such as a four-legged thing to sit on for a chair

51
Q

why are schemas good? (cognitive approach)

A

schemas are good because they allow us to make mental shortcuts that prevent being overwhelmed by environmental stimuli/information

52
Q

why can schemas be bad?(cognitive approach)

A

schemas can be bad as they may distort interpretations which may lead to perceptual errors.

53
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience

A

cognitive neuroscience is the scientific study of how the brain structure influences mental processing

54
Q

how does brain scanning technology support cognitive approach?

A

brain scanning technology supports cognitve approach as it has allowed scientists to describe neurological basis of mental processing e.g. LTM and STM processing different types of memory

55
Q

con of the cognitive approach

A

A con of the cognitive approach is that it is machine reductionist as it ignores the influence of human emotions on the ability to process memories as they believe the mind works like a computer and also unfalsifiable as based on premises of abstract concept of mind of which is untestable

56
Q

What was grazioli and terry (2000) study to show real life application of the cognitive approach

A

grazioli and Terry’s(2000) study to show real life application of the cognitive approach is assessing 65 pregnant women for cognitive vulnerabilities finding women with high CV were more likely to suffer with post natal depression, which helped in the making a CBT

57
Q

what is the biological approach

A

the biological approach is the theory that human behaviours are the consequence of our genetics, neurochemistry and nervous system and other biological features

58
Q

how are twin studies used to prove that genetics are the basis of behaviour? (biological approach)

A

twin studies are used to prove genetics are the basis of behaviour as if monozygotic twins have higher concordance rates than dizygotic twins for things like musical ability, schizophrenia and romantic films, then they’re must be a genetic role as MZ twins have 100% same genes whereas DZ twins have around 50% same genes

59
Q

what is phenotype and how can they be effected (biological approach)

A

phenotype is the way genes are expressed physically, behaviourally and psychologically and can be effected by the environment

60
Q

how can twins have same genotype but different phenotype? (biological approach)

A

monozygotic twins share the same genotypes but they are expressed differently as one twin may exercise more or dye their hair (phenotype)

61
Q

what do biological psychologists accept?

A

biological psychologists accept that behaviour depends upon the interactions between the inherited factors and the environment (nature and nurture)

62
Q

pro of biological approach

A

a pro of the biological approach is that it uses scanning techniques like FMRI and EEGs to measure biological and neural processes without bias

63
Q

pro of biological approach

A

a pro of the biological approach is that the it has led to more knowledge on biochemical processes in the brain so has led to development of psychoactive drugs that treat mental illness like depression

64
Q

con of biological approach

A

a con of the biological approach is that it is very deterministic as it is against free will; so defeats purpose of the legal system as nobody can control their behaviour

65
Q

What did Turkheimer find in twin studies of different classes

A

Turkheimer found in twin studies of different classes - identical middle class children had more similar IQ than non identical middle class children and in poorer families, Turkheimer found non identical and identical twins had near enough the same IQ, suggesting they didn’t inherent the IQ

66
Q

what is the psychodynamic approach

A

the psychodynamic approach is the theory that human behaviour is caused by different unconscious forces (dynamics) operating on the mind

67
Q

what does our unconscious/subconscious mind hold? (psychodynamic approach)

A

our unconscious mind holds many REPRESSED thoughts that we think we’ve forgotten about, which are traumatic memories prevented from reaching conscious mind

68
Q

what does the preconscious mind hold? (psychodynamic approach)

A

the preconscious mind holds dreams and “freudian slips”/parapraxis - when we say an error in speech

69
Q

how is personality split according to freud (psychodynamic approach)

A

freud says personality is split into the Id, the ego and the superego.

70
Q

what is the Id in personality? (psychodynamic approach)

A

The Id is the pleasure principle which is primitive and works to satisfy selfish needs and desires.

71
Q

what is the superego in personality (psychodynamic approach)

A

the superego is the morality principle which forms between ages 3 and 6 to provide a moral code

72
Q

what is the ego in personality (psychodynamic approach)

A

the ego is the reality principle which forms between ages 18 months and 3 to mediate the needs of the id’s selfishness and superego’s morality so neither is the most dominant part of the personality

73
Q

what are the egos defence mechanisms (psychodynamic approach)

A

the ego has 3 defence mechanisms to reduce conflict between the Id and the Superego which are denial, displacement and repressions

74
Q

what is the repression defence mechanism (psychodynamic approach)

A

the defence mechanism of Repression is forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind.

75
Q

what is denial defence mechanism (psychodynamic approach)

A

the denial defence mechanism is refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality

76
Q

what is the displacement defence mechanism? (psychodynamic approach)

A

the displacement defence mechanism is transferring feelings from the source of distress onto a substitute target .

77
Q

What was Bartlett’s (1932) study on schemas and his findings

A

Bartlett’s (1932) study on schemas was asking people to recall a Native American folklore he told them and found that people would change the story when remembering it to match their own cultural expectations showing that memory is reconstructive and shaped by cultural schemata

78
Q

What is the oral stage

A

The oral stage is where a child aged up to 2 years gets pleasure from oral stimulation.

79
Q

What is a later problem with failure in oral stage

A

A later problem with failure in the oral stage is aggression or problems with drinking and smoking

80
Q

What is the anal stage

A

The anal stage is where a child aged 15 months to 3 years focuses on controlling the bladder and bowels

81
Q

What is a later problem with failure in anal stage

A

A later problem with failure in anal stage is anal expulsive or anal retentive

82
Q

What is the phallic stage

A

The phallic stage is where a child aged 3-6 years becomes a rival for the affection opposite-sex parent and identifies with the same sex.

83
Q

What is a later problem with failure in phallic stage

A

A later problem with failure in phallic stage is confused sexual identity and girls develop penis envy

84
Q

What is the latency stage

A

The latency stage is where a child aged 6 to puberty lessens their sexual desires and focuses on intellectual and social development

85
Q

What is a later problem with failure in latency stage

A

A later problem with failure in latency stage is poor communication skills and lack of self-confidence

86
Q

What is the genital stage

A

The genital stage is where a child from ages of puberty until adulthood renews their sexual desires and seek relationships with others

87
Q

What is a con of Freuds theory

A

A con of Freud theory is that universal claims cannot be made since his studies were performed on individuals who were psychologically abnormal such as Little Hans and so lack population validity

88
Q

What is a biological con of Freuds theory

A

A biological con of Freuds theory is that it is androcentric presenting males as the norm whereas biological tests are done on both genders

89
Q

What is a pro of Banduras bobo doll study

A

A pro of banduras bobo doll study is that it was done in a lab so is controlled and scientific

90
Q

How does Banduras bobo doll study lack external validity

A

Banduras bobo doll study lacks ecological validity since Children were in a lab and so act differently to how they’d act in real life, completing a field experiment could be better

91
Q

How is banduras bobo doll study prone to demand characteristics

A

banduras bobo doll study is prone to demand characteristics as it is conducted in a lab so children may just think that striking the doll as the adult did is what was expected from them

92
Q

What is a con of the information processing approach of cognitive approach

A

A con of the information processing approach of cognitive approach is that it is machine reductionist and so ignores the influence of human emotion upon the ability to process information

93
Q

How did Johnson and Scott (1978) show information processing approach is machine reductionist

A

Johnson and Scott (1978) showed information processing approach is machine reductionist by finding that anxiety would lower accuracy of recall

94
Q

What are Freuds psychosexual stages

A

Freuds psychosexual stages are a series of 5 phases that a child will develop through by resolving the conflicts associated with each stage

95
Q

What happens if Freuds conflicts in stages aren’t resolved

A

If Freuds conflicts in stages aren’t resolved then the child will carry the behaviours and conflicts of the stages into adult life

96
Q

What is the humanistic approach

A

The humanistic approach is the idea crafted by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow that behaviour should be looked at holistically and shouldn’t be generalised since everyone is unique.

97
Q

What do humanists believe about free will

A

Humanists believe about free will that humans have the ability to do what we want and humans are active agents who can determine their own development

98
Q

What is Maslows pyramid of personal needs

A

Maslows pyramid of personal needs is a hierarchy of 5 needs which need to be fulfilled to move up to the top of the pyramid

99
Q

What happens self-actualisation is met at the top of Maslows personal needs

A

When self-actualisation is met at the top of Maslows personal needs, then person will have a desire to develop and will feel energetic and creative

100
Q

What happens if self-actualisation isn’t met

A

if self-actualisation isn’t met then person will view the world as meaningless

101
Q

What are Maslows personal needs in order from top to bottom

A

Maslows personal needs in order from top to bottom are:
SELF ACTUALISATION
NEED FOR DIGNITY
NEED FOR LOVE AND BELONGING
NEED FOR SAFETY
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS

102
Q

What happens if physiogical needs are met in Maslows personal needs

A

If psychological needs are met in Maslows personal needs then you have no cravings

103
Q

What happens if physiological needs are not met in Maslows personal needs

A

If psychological needs are not met in Maslows personal needs then person will crave food and water

104
Q

Why is Rogers and Maslows humanists approach unquantifiable

A

Rogers and Maslows humanists approach unquantifiable because they reject the idea of using scientific methods to explain behaviour as it’s a person-centred approach and so there’s no information to quantify

105
Q

What is congruence in the humanistic approach

A

congruence in the humanistic approach is a requirement for personal growth where there is a similarly between actual self and ideal self (who you want to be)

106
Q

What is incongruence in the humanistic approach

A

Incongruence in the humanistic approach is when there is a large gap between actual self and ideal self which leads to low feelings of self-worth

107
Q

What is ROGERIAN therapy

A

ROGERIAN therapy is a form of therapy where advice is given to a person to make them feel self worth and develop the patient into self actualisation and personal growth

108
Q

What’s a pro of ROGERIAN therapy

A

A pro of ROGERIAN therapy is that it views an individual holistically, so everyone is different and can be catered to each persons own difficulties

109
Q

What is a con of ROGERIAN therapy

A

A con of ROGERIAN therapy is that it cannot be applied to serious mental illnesses as they aren’t told a solution

110
Q

What is real life application of ROGERIAN therapy

A

real life application of ROGERIAN therapy is that it has revolutionised counselling techniques by emphasising importance of listening and building relationships with clients

111
Q

What is a con of the humanistic approach

A

A con of the humanistic approach is that self actualisation and congruence can’t actually be measured but Rogers made a Q-TEST to measure progress in therapy but it is still unscientific and lacking empirical evidence

112
Q

What is the eclectic approach

A

The eclectic approach is the modern idea that psychology should be multidisciplinary and so combines several approaches and theoretical perspectives to provide one more comprehensible account of human behaviour

113
Q

How does Horney criticise alpha bias in Freud’s psychodynamic approach

A

Horney criticises alpha bias in Freud’s psychodynamic approach by saying ‘penis-envy’ doesn’t exist, women are just envious of male social position and males get ‘womb-envy’ as they can’t have children

114
Q

How is Freud’s psychodynamic approach is alpha biased and androcentric

A

Freud’s psychodynamic approach is alpha biased and androcentric as it suggests femininity is failed masculinity and women get ‘penis-envy’ showing they’re envious of men

AQA A-Level Psychology (2) (5 decks)

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