Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography > P2 - Regenerating Places > Flashcards

P2 - Regenerating Places Flashcards

1
Q

5 sectors of economy

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Quinary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Two ways that economies can be classified

A

Economic sector
Type of employment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Demographic

A

Make up of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Demographic changes

A
  • ethnic composition
  • age structure
  • migrants
  • racism and prejudice
  • deprivation
  • gentrification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Three demographic changes

A

Ethnicity
Age structure
Gentrification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gentrification

A

Settlements where a minority groups culture is replaced by a dominant culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CASE STUDY:
gentrification on London riverside positives

A

Riverside paths opened to the public

Use of brownfield sites is more sustainable and reduces suburban sprawl

More attractive and stable areas invite further investment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CASE STUDY:
Gentrification on London riverside negatives

A

Cost £250 million

Displacement due to expanding middle class and increasing house prices

There has been a 45% price jump in London house prices since 2007

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CASE STUDY:
Gentrification on London riverside aims

A

Attempts to attract m/c back to the city

Between 2001-2005 - 47 new developments
with over 25 units in each one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can physical factors cause places to change?

A

Sea level rise and climate change cause rapid coastal erosion

Zero emission buildings integrated into urban planning - e.g. eco village and Greenwich millennium village, London

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can accessibility and connectedness cause places to change?

A

Railway towns are in decline since motorway development

Villages in Kent are becoming increasingly popular due to HS1

Better broadband has made people more connected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can historical development cause places to change?

A

Totness- introduced ‘transition town’ projects to protect its local culture and history- has a local currency, the totnes pound, which has helped local businesses to thrive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can local and national planning cause places to change?

A

The national infrastructure plan (2010) has designed towns like Bicester as new ‘garden cities’ with up to 13,000 new homes and a new railway station

Some rural villages are in danger of being overrun by the expansion of urban areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Guildford key facts

A

SE of UK

In the county of Surrey- m/c county

30 miles from the centre of london

On the A3

40mins from Heathrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Scarborough key facts

A

NE of UK

county if Yorkshire- w/c county

1hr 36mins to Leeds

1hr 15mins to A1(M)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Factors of a successful region

A

Low crime

Low levels of deprivation

High property prices

Good education

High life expectancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CASE STUDY: Sydney

Facts that prove it is a successful city

A

259 different languages spoken

2001- over 450,000 businesses based in Sydney

43 out of 49 foreign banks operating in Australia have regional headquarters in Sydney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Factors of a declining region

A

More homelessness
High levels of deprivation
Declining population
High crime rate
Low income
Poor education
Poor healthcare
High unemployment
Run down building
Lower life expectancy
Deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Economic restructuring

A

The changing if the share of the sectors within a country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the underpinning factors that have driven the success of the Berkshire corridor?

A

M4 runs along the county from east to west
Influenced by Heathrow airport and the M25
They have created a wide, flat floodplain for the rivers Thames and Kennet which is a great location for high quality urban living and work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the evidence that suggests the Berkshire is successful?

A

Thames Valley Berkshire Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) had only 0.4% of its neighbourhoods in the most deprived 10% of national areas
Property prices have risen 40-50% in the ten years from 2005

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the indicators of urban decline in Middlesbrough?

A

35,000 have left since its peak in the 1960s
Contains some of the most deprived wards in the UK with 10% of its wards in the bottom 1% of deprived areas in England
2014 Ofsted- 1/3 if all pupils attended schools that ‘required improvement’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What was the cause of Middlesbrough’s decline?

A

Deindustrialisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the major concerns of declining rural settlements?

A

An estimated 400 village shops and 700 rural pubs closed in Britain in 2010 alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the main priorities for declining rural settlements?

A

Open more shops to make the areas more appealing
Regenerate housing to reduce areas of deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the major concerns of sink estates?

A

Residents are twice as likely to have mental health problems
11x more likely to be unemployed and not be in education
9x more likely to live in a jobless household than residents on a council estate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the main priorities for sink estates?

A

Make the appearance nicer
Have leisure places to reduce crime
Good schools
Security
Access to livelihoods
Environmental improvements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the major concerns with commuter villages?

A

Many people have moved out of urban areas into so called ‘wealth corridors’ where homes are nicer and have good transport links
Lack of local services
Tend to have affluent populations with low levels of deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the main priorities for commuter villages?

A

Affordable housing
Improved services
Sustainable transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the main concerns of gated communities?

A

Wealthy residents have secure buildings, walls or fenced
Lack of community cohesion
Gated communities can segregate the incomes from the locals

31
Q

What are the main priorities of gated communities?

A

Integrate rich people back into the communities
Open up the communities
General community security
Community engagement

32
Q

What are sink estates?

A

High levels of social and economic deprivation
High crime rates
Built post WW2 to house working class
Brutalist style - tall, cheap, fast to make

EXAMPLE: Broadwater Farm, Tottenham:
Built between 1967 and 1963
Aug 2011, resident shot dead , 2 days later protest march
11 blocks on estate failed structural tests
£40M to fix = too £££

33
Q

How many ppl. in UK live in gated communities?

A

1000 in UK, housing 5M ppl.

34
Q

Growing rural areas: commuter villages case study

A

ITCHEN VALLEY, WINCHESTER:

Benefits of growth:
New local skl and pubs
Become the commuter hotspot

Problems of growth:
House and land prices increased

35
Q

Declining rural areas: Remote areas: example

A

POWYS, WALES

Pop. under 700
Ppl. are leaving
Shops and businesses close because they don’t have enough customers
The ppl. left behind have nothing

36
Q

Define ‘Engagement’

A

The ways that ppl. participate in their community in order to improve the quality of life or shape the future

37
Q

Reasons for a lower turn out for local elections compared to national ones:

A

Perception that local issues matter less than national ones

Less media coverage so less drive to vote

May be less familiar with candidates

38
Q

What factors affect levels of engagement?

A

Length of residence:
New migrants and students may have less of an attachment

Gender:
Despite modern equality women may still feel unable to do certain things

39
Q

What is a lived experience?

A

During a persons lifetime they will have diff life experiences depending on several life factors (eg. Family situation/ culture) which affects their judgements later on in life

40
Q

CASE STUDY: Place engagement

A

GRAMPOUND, CORNWALL

Village of 800 ppl
Between St. Austell and Truro

Nov 2014 sizeable crowd gathered for opening of new community shop

Grampound struggled to keep basic services

Thriving community. 2008 won best community in SW region

Engagement is what created the community shop. 257/280 households in grampound became shareholders of the shop

41
Q

Sources used for measuring need for regen:

A

Census data
Photos
Ofsted reports
Interview residents etc

42
Q

Example of source for measuring need for regen:

A

Rushmore borough council clip

Qualitative -it’s of detail

BUT: bias as council want to attract ppl

43
Q

Why is infrastructure investment important?

A
  1. Maintains economic growth
    Allows ease of trade, increases FDI, creates employment
  2. Improves regional accessibility
    Stimulates growth, companies move in
44
Q

National governments in regen infrastructure investment case study

A

HS2
London —> Birmingham —> Manchester —> Leeds

BUT: Dec 2023 scrapped Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds due to cost and environment

45
Q

What was the purpose of HS2?

A

More investment in midlands and north
Thousands of jobs (multiplier effect)
May change the economic geog of the country
Better connections will help boost tourism industry worth over £200B annually

46
Q

Controlling the rate of development: planning laws

A

Waverley Borough 4557 houses 5yrs

House targets helps ensure economic regen in an area

But local authorities may not always meet these targets as they are so high

(Greenbelt —> area of green space around an urban area that’s protected from development )

47
Q

Fracking

A

What is it?
Recovery of natural gas from the earth

🟢provides natural gas
🟢attractive and profitable
🔴risks - contamination of freshwater - becomes toxic - water sources can’t be treated
🔴releases greenhouse gases

Facts:
Used since 1940s
60%+ of all new oil and gas is from fracking
Can cause EQs

48
Q

🔴🟢 international migration

A

🟢ppl to work
🟢multi cultural society benefits - diversity
🟢taxes - brings money

🔴lack of space
🔴pressures on services
🔴expensive - tax payer money or benefits?

49
Q

National governments in regen decisions abt international migration and deregulation: Approach 1: open door policy

A

Favoured by Labour gov 1997-2010
Pace accelerated in 2004 when 10 additional countries joined EU

50
Q

National governments in regen decisions abt international migration and deregulation: Approach 2: closed door policy

A

Favoured by Conservative govs. 2010 onwards
David Cameron emphasised ‘good immigration not mass migration’

51
Q

Regulation of capital markets

A

Clear rules abt what banks can and can’t do w/ ur money
Clear rules and services abt who can and cant invest in stocks and shares - Ldn stock exchange

52
Q

Why is regulation important?

A

Make sure banks in Britain don’t do risky investments so that ppls money can’t be lost due to bad investments on banks behalf

53
Q

What is deregulation?

A

Margaret Thatcher gov 1986
Removal of all rules abt what investments banks could make

🟢increased FDI
🟢banks made more profits eg. Money invested into physical regen of Ldn docklands

🔴2008 financial collapse
🔴banks made risky investments and gave loans to ppl who couldn’t pay back

54
Q

What is rebranding ?

A

Attempts to represent areas as being more attractive by changing public perception of them

55
Q

Urban rebranding case study

A

GLASGOW

Perceptions of Glasgow:
Violence
Poverty

Rebranding:
Hosted common wealth games 2014 (tourists, tv coverage, publicity)
Shortlisted for Eurovision in 2023

56
Q

How does rebranding work?

A

Involves re imaging places:

Revive outdated image —> attract new investment

Change negative perception —> attract new visitors

Differentiate the city from others —> attracts new residents

Showcase attractive features —> attract new customers

57
Q

Why do areas become deindustrialised?

What gets left behind?

A

Globalisation
Spiral of decline
Closure of secondary industry (global shift)

Industrial heritage gets left behind (the beauty in old buildings)

58
Q

Rural rebranding case study

A

CORNWALL

Negative perceptions:
Boring, nothing to do

Rebranding strategies:
Specialised products - World pasty championships at Eden

Outdoor pursuits - English national surfing championships. Watergate bay. Best surf in country.

59
Q

Literary associations case study

A

BRONTE COUNTY

Brontë sisters. 3 authors. Eg) Withering heights, Jayne Eyre.

West Yorkshire and East Lancashire Pennines

Many visitors go every year to experience bleakness and desolation

How is it rebranding?
Marketed to attract visitors and revenue - hotspot for tourists
Farm diversification made museums

BUT their work is becoming outdated and less relevant in society

60
Q

Factors defining how successful regeneration in a place is

A

High levels of inward migration (social/economic)
Low levels of unemployment (econ)
Low levels of multiple deprivation (social)
Green space (envi)

61
Q

Ways for assessing success of econ regen

A

Income
Poverty
Employment

How?
Census data
Neighbourhood stats
Current and historical data

62
Q

Ways of assessing success of social regen

A

Inequality
Deprivation
Life expectancy
Education

How?
Interviews
Newspaper articles
Blog entries
Social media
Secondary data

63
Q

Ways of assessing success of living envi regen

A

Pollution
Derelict/ abandoned land

How?
Photos
EQS

64
Q

CASE STUDY: Ldn dockland devel coorporation (LDDC)

A

Why was project needed?
•To regen the depressed docklands
•Govs response to severe econ physical and social damage caused by damage of the docklands

What did the project include?
•Regen an area of 8.5sq miles in 3 LDN boroughs
•Brought land and buildings into effective use

🟢attracted businesses which created tertiary jobs
🔴poor envi quality
🔴house prices have risen (eg. Price of 2 bed flat in Canary Wharf has risen £300k since 2007

65
Q

What is NIMBYism?

A

“Not In My Back Yard”

66
Q

Who are the stakeholders that could be involved in urban regen projects?

A

Investors - make money

Local gov - attract more ppl and business

Local businesses - make more money

Residents - better quality of life, green spaces, less crime

National gov - reduction in deprivation, boosts economy

67
Q

Stakeholders and their criteria for success

A

UK central gov. :
Increase national economy
Inequality reduced

London assembly (regional gov):
Want to attract ppl long term
Boost Ldn tourism

Local gov:
Reduction in housing problems
Envi improvement

Local former businesses:
QoL for employees
New business opportunities

Local residents:
More affordable facilities (houses, shops)
Maintain community and QoL

Envi stakeholders:
Reduced levels of pollution
Increased biodiversity

68
Q

Judging the success of urban regeneration case study

A

LONDON OLYMPIC GAMES 2012

🔴Cost: £12-20B 💰
🟢7000 temporary jobs created 💰
🟢5000 construction jobs created 👷‍♀️
🟡(BUT 20% were short term and only recruited from local area) 📚
🔴11,000 relocated jobs 📚
🔴380 relocated companies 📞
🟢£10B generated for UK econ 💰
🟢5000 houses built 🏠
🟢4000 trees planted 🌳

69
Q

Define a diversified economy

A

Diff types of jobs and tourism

Rural areas regen is deemed successful if diversified econ

70
Q

Judging the success of regen in Cornwall: Eden project

A

🟢created spin off interested in other local attractions
🟢employs 400 full time staff (95% locals)(600 including seasonal workers)
🟢each visitor spends approx. £150 on local economy

🔴increased traffic congestion (traffic times increased by up to 30mins)
🔴3500 cars that fills Eden projects car park generates more CO2 than all other sources in St. Austell combined
🔴local pollution levels increased

71
Q

Judging the success of regen in Cornwall: Wave hub

A

Power research project situated 16km off Northern Cornwalls coast

2010

🔴£42M
🔴Has potential to damage wider marine renewable energy industry in Cornwall
🟢Aims to create 170 jobs and provide more electricity for more industry in Cornwall
🟢Equivalent power of 6-8 wind turbines

72
Q

Judging the success of regen in Cornwall: Fifteen

A

🟢guarantee to train and support 20 disadvantaged young ppl annually to become professional chefs

🔴success only lasted 15 years - stopped drawing ppl in

73
Q

Judging the success of regen in Cornwall: Uni

A

Falmouth has 4,000 students
Exeter has 20,000 students

Cornwall said to Exeter they wanted them to set up a campus in Cornwall —> attracted working age, attracts more physical degrees (geog/oceanography) which are tailored for Cornwall

Geography (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions