P2 - Regenerating Places Flashcards
5 sectors of economy
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Quinary
Two ways that economies can be classified
Economic sector
Type of employment
Demographic
Make up of the population
Demographic changes
- ethnic composition
- age structure
- migrants
- racism and prejudice
- deprivation
- gentrification
Three demographic changes
Ethnicity
Age structure
Gentrification
Gentrification
Settlements where a minority groups culture is replaced by a dominant culture
CASE STUDY:
gentrification on London riverside positives
Riverside paths opened to the public
Use of brownfield sites is more sustainable and reduces suburban sprawl
More attractive and stable areas invite further investment
CASE STUDY:
Gentrification on London riverside negatives
Cost £250 million
Displacement due to expanding middle class and increasing house prices
There has been a 45% price jump in London house prices since 2007
CASE STUDY:
Gentrification on London riverside aims
Attempts to attract m/c back to the city
Between 2001-2005 - 47 new developments
with over 25 units in each one
How can physical factors cause places to change?
Sea level rise and climate change cause rapid coastal erosion
Zero emission buildings integrated into urban planning - e.g. eco village and Greenwich millennium village, London
How can accessibility and connectedness cause places to change?
Railway towns are in decline since motorway development
Villages in Kent are becoming increasingly popular due to HS1
Better broadband has made people more connected
How can historical development cause places to change?
Totness- introduced ‘transition town’ projects to protect its local culture and history- has a local currency, the totnes pound, which has helped local businesses to thrive
How can local and national planning cause places to change?
The national infrastructure plan (2010) has designed towns like Bicester as new ‘garden cities’ with up to 13,000 new homes and a new railway station
Some rural villages are in danger of being overrun by the expansion of urban areas
Guildford key facts
SE of UK
In the county of Surrey- m/c county
30 miles from the centre of london
On the A3
40mins from Heathrow
Scarborough key facts
NE of UK
county if Yorkshire- w/c county
1hr 36mins to Leeds
1hr 15mins to A1(M)
Factors of a successful region
Low crime
Low levels of deprivation
High property prices
Good education
High life expectancy
CASE STUDY: Sydney
Facts that prove it is a successful city
259 different languages spoken
2001- over 450,000 businesses based in Sydney
43 out of 49 foreign banks operating in Australia have regional headquarters in Sydney
Factors of a declining region
More homelessness
High levels of deprivation
Declining population
High crime rate
Low income
Poor education
Poor healthcare
High unemployment
Run down building
Lower life expectancy
Deprivation
Economic restructuring
The changing if the share of the sectors within a country
What are the underpinning factors that have driven the success of the Berkshire corridor?
M4 runs along the county from east to west
Influenced by Heathrow airport and the M25
They have created a wide, flat floodplain for the rivers Thames and Kennet which is a great location for high quality urban living and work
What is the evidence that suggests the Berkshire is successful?
Thames Valley Berkshire Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) had only 0.4% of its neighbourhoods in the most deprived 10% of national areas
Property prices have risen 40-50% in the ten years from 2005
What are the indicators of urban decline in Middlesbrough?
35,000 have left since its peak in the 1960s
Contains some of the most deprived wards in the UK with 10% of its wards in the bottom 1% of deprived areas in England
2014 Ofsted- 1/3 if all pupils attended schools that ‘required improvement’
What was the cause of Middlesbrough’s decline?
Deindustrialisation
What are the major concerns of declining rural settlements?
An estimated 400 village shops and 700 rural pubs closed in Britain in 2010 alone
What are the main priorities for declining rural settlements?
Open more shops to make the areas more appealing
Regenerate housing to reduce areas of deprivation
What are the major concerns of sink estates?
Residents are twice as likely to have mental health problems
11x more likely to be unemployed and not be in education
9x more likely to live in a jobless household than residents on a council estate
What are the main priorities for sink estates?
Make the appearance nicer
Have leisure places to reduce crime
Good schools
Security
Access to livelihoods
Environmental improvements
What are the major concerns with commuter villages?
Many people have moved out of urban areas into so called ‘wealth corridors’ where homes are nicer and have good transport links
Lack of local services
Tend to have affluent populations with low levels of deprivation
What are the main priorities for commuter villages?
Affordable housing
Improved services
Sustainable transport
What are the main concerns of gated communities?
Wealthy residents have secure buildings, walls or fenced
Lack of community cohesion
Gated communities can segregate the incomes from the locals
What are the main priorities of gated communities?
Integrate rich people back into the communities
Open up the communities
General community security
Community engagement
What are sink estates?
High levels of social and economic deprivation
High crime rates
Built post WW2 to house working class
Brutalist style - tall, cheap, fast to make
EXAMPLE: Broadwater Farm, Tottenham:
Built between 1967 and 1963
Aug 2011, resident shot dead , 2 days later protest march
11 blocks on estate failed structural tests
£40M to fix = too £££
How many ppl. in UK live in gated communities?
1000 in UK, housing 5M ppl.
Growing rural areas: commuter villages case study
ITCHEN VALLEY, WINCHESTER:
Benefits of growth:
New local skl and pubs
Become the commuter hotspot
Problems of growth:
House and land prices increased
Declining rural areas: Remote areas: example
POWYS, WALES
Pop. under 700
Ppl. are leaving
Shops and businesses close because they don’t have enough customers
The ppl. left behind have nothing
Define ‘Engagement’
The ways that ppl. participate in their community in order to improve the quality of life or shape the future
Reasons for a lower turn out for local elections compared to national ones:
Perception that local issues matter less than national ones
Less media coverage so less drive to vote
May be less familiar with candidates
What factors affect levels of engagement?
Length of residence:
New migrants and students may have less of an attachment
Gender:
Despite modern equality women may still feel unable to do certain things
What is a lived experience?
During a persons lifetime they will have diff life experiences depending on several life factors (eg. Family situation/ culture) which affects their judgements later on in life
CASE STUDY: Place engagement
GRAMPOUND, CORNWALL
Village of 800 ppl
Between St. Austell and Truro
Nov 2014 sizeable crowd gathered for opening of new community shop
Grampound struggled to keep basic services
Thriving community. 2008 won best community in SW region
Engagement is what created the community shop. 257/280 households in grampound became shareholders of the shop
Sources used for measuring need for regen:
Census data
Photos
Ofsted reports
Interview residents etc
Example of source for measuring need for regen:
Rushmore borough council clip
Qualitative -it’s of detail
BUT: bias as council want to attract ppl
Why is infrastructure investment important?
- Maintains economic growth
Allows ease of trade, increases FDI, creates employment - Improves regional accessibility
Stimulates growth, companies move in
National governments in regen infrastructure investment case study
HS2
London —> Birmingham —> Manchester —> Leeds
BUT: Dec 2023 scrapped Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds due to cost and environment
What was the purpose of HS2?
More investment in midlands and north
Thousands of jobs (multiplier effect)
May change the economic geog of the country
Better connections will help boost tourism industry worth over £200B annually
Controlling the rate of development: planning laws
Waverley Borough 4557 houses 5yrs
House targets helps ensure economic regen in an area
But local authorities may not always meet these targets as they are so high
(Greenbelt —> area of green space around an urban area that’s protected from development )
Fracking
What is it?
Recovery of natural gas from the earth
🟢provides natural gas
🟢attractive and profitable
🔴risks - contamination of freshwater - becomes toxic - water sources can’t be treated
🔴releases greenhouse gases
Facts:
Used since 1940s
60%+ of all new oil and gas is from fracking
Can cause EQs
🔴🟢 international migration
🟢ppl to work
🟢multi cultural society benefits - diversity
🟢taxes - brings money
🔴lack of space
🔴pressures on services
🔴expensive - tax payer money or benefits?
National governments in regen decisions abt international migration and deregulation: Approach 1: open door policy
Favoured by Labour gov 1997-2010
Pace accelerated in 2004 when 10 additional countries joined EU
National governments in regen decisions abt international migration and deregulation: Approach 2: closed door policy
Favoured by Conservative govs. 2010 onwards
David Cameron emphasised ‘good immigration not mass migration’
Regulation of capital markets
Clear rules abt what banks can and can’t do w/ ur money
Clear rules and services abt who can and cant invest in stocks and shares - Ldn stock exchange
Why is regulation important?
Make sure banks in Britain don’t do risky investments so that ppls money can’t be lost due to bad investments on banks behalf
What is deregulation?
Margaret Thatcher gov 1986
Removal of all rules abt what investments banks could make
🟢increased FDI
🟢banks made more profits eg. Money invested into physical regen of Ldn docklands
🔴2008 financial collapse
🔴banks made risky investments and gave loans to ppl who couldn’t pay back
What is rebranding ?
Attempts to represent areas as being more attractive by changing public perception of them
Urban rebranding case study
GLASGOW
Perceptions of Glasgow:
Violence
Poverty
Rebranding:
Hosted common wealth games 2014 (tourists, tv coverage, publicity)
Shortlisted for Eurovision in 2023
How does rebranding work?
Involves re imaging places:
Revive outdated image —> attract new investment
Change negative perception —> attract new visitors
Differentiate the city from others —> attracts new residents
Showcase attractive features —> attract new customers
Why do areas become deindustrialised?
What gets left behind?
Globalisation
Spiral of decline
Closure of secondary industry (global shift)
Industrial heritage gets left behind (the beauty in old buildings)
Rural rebranding case study
CORNWALL
Negative perceptions:
Boring, nothing to do
Rebranding strategies:
Specialised products - World pasty championships at Eden
Outdoor pursuits - English national surfing championships. Watergate bay. Best surf in country.
Literary associations case study
BRONTE COUNTY
Brontë sisters. 3 authors. Eg) Withering heights, Jayne Eyre.
West Yorkshire and East Lancashire Pennines
Many visitors go every year to experience bleakness and desolation
How is it rebranding?
Marketed to attract visitors and revenue - hotspot for tourists
Farm diversification made museums
BUT their work is becoming outdated and less relevant in society
Factors defining how successful regeneration in a place is
High levels of inward migration (social/economic)
Low levels of unemployment (econ)
Low levels of multiple deprivation (social)
Green space (envi)
Ways for assessing success of econ regen
Income
Poverty
Employment
How?
Census data
Neighbourhood stats
Current and historical data
Ways of assessing success of social regen
Inequality
Deprivation
Life expectancy
Education
How?
Interviews
Newspaper articles
Blog entries
Social media
Secondary data
Ways of assessing success of living envi regen
Pollution
Derelict/ abandoned land
How?
Photos
EQS
CASE STUDY: Ldn dockland devel coorporation (LDDC)
Why was project needed?
•To regen the depressed docklands
•Govs response to severe econ physical and social damage caused by damage of the docklands
What did the project include?
•Regen an area of 8.5sq miles in 3 LDN boroughs
•Brought land and buildings into effective use
🟢attracted businesses which created tertiary jobs
🔴poor envi quality
🔴house prices have risen (eg. Price of 2 bed flat in Canary Wharf has risen £300k since 2007
What is NIMBYism?
“Not In My Back Yard”
Who are the stakeholders that could be involved in urban regen projects?
Investors - make money
Local gov - attract more ppl and business
Local businesses - make more money
Residents - better quality of life, green spaces, less crime
National gov - reduction in deprivation, boosts economy
Stakeholders and their criteria for success
UK central gov. :
Increase national economy
Inequality reduced
London assembly (regional gov):
Want to attract ppl long term
Boost Ldn tourism
Local gov:
Reduction in housing problems
Envi improvement
Local former businesses:
QoL for employees
New business opportunities
Local residents:
More affordable facilities (houses, shops)
Maintain community and QoL
Envi stakeholders:
Reduced levels of pollution
Increased biodiversity
Judging the success of urban regeneration case study
LONDON OLYMPIC GAMES 2012
🔴Cost: £12-20B 💰
🟢7000 temporary jobs created 💰
🟢5000 construction jobs created 👷♀️
🟡(BUT 20% were short term and only recruited from local area) 📚
🔴11,000 relocated jobs 📚
🔴380 relocated companies 📞
🟢£10B generated for UK econ 💰
🟢5000 houses built 🏠
🟢4000 trees planted 🌳
Define a diversified economy
Diff types of jobs and tourism
Rural areas regen is deemed successful if diversified econ
Judging the success of regen in Cornwall: Eden project
🟢created spin off interested in other local attractions
🟢employs 400 full time staff (95% locals)(600 including seasonal workers)
🟢each visitor spends approx. £150 on local economy
🔴increased traffic congestion (traffic times increased by up to 30mins)
🔴3500 cars that fills Eden projects car park generates more CO2 than all other sources in St. Austell combined
🔴local pollution levels increased
Judging the success of regen in Cornwall: Wave hub
Power research project situated 16km off Northern Cornwalls coast
2010
🔴£42M
🔴Has potential to damage wider marine renewable energy industry in Cornwall
🟢Aims to create 170 jobs and provide more electricity for more industry in Cornwall
🟢Equivalent power of 6-8 wind turbines
Judging the success of regen in Cornwall: Fifteen
🟢guarantee to train and support 20 disadvantaged young ppl annually to become professional chefs
🔴success only lasted 15 years - stopped drawing ppl in
Judging the success of regen in Cornwall: Uni
Falmouth has 4,000 students
Exeter has 20,000 students
Cornwall said to Exeter they wanted them to set up a campus in Cornwall —> attracted working age, attracts more physical degrees (geog/oceanography) which are tailored for Cornwall
What were the positives of Spitalfields markets?
Modern
Diverse food options
Clean
Range of shops
What were the positives of Spitalfields markets?
Modern
Diverse food options
Clean
Range of shops
What are the negatives of Spitalfields market?
Very busy around lunchtime
Expensive, high end and independent shops
What were the positives of brick lane?
Not much has changed- still has the original infrastructure
Vintage independent shops
What were the negatives of brick lane?
Lots of graffiti
Some run down buildings
Not many different shops- mostly low end independent shops
What is the evidence of gentrification in and around Spitalfields market?
In Fournier Street the buildings are being renovated in a style that is in keeping with the areas heritage
The market now has new upscale, chain shops such as lululemon which have taken over from the independent market that used to be there
Why do you think businesses have chosen to be located in Spitalfields market?
Because it is a tourist area which means that it is easier for people to sell their products
Why do you think businesses have chosen to be located in Brick Lane?
The shops located their are individual low end shops suggesting that they located there because it is a poorer area so rent will be lower
