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Geography > P2 - Globalisation > Flashcards

P2 - Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of globalisation?

A

deepening and widening of global connections, interdependence and flows.

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2
Q

what types of globalisation are there?

A
  1. demographic globalisation
  2. economic globalisation
  3. cultural globalisation
  4. political globalisation
  5. environmental globalisation
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3
Q

what is an example of cultural globalisation?

A

118 countires have mcdonalds

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4
Q

what is an example of political globalisation?

A

The G8
- group of 8 countries making global decisions

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5
Q

what is environmental globalisation?

A

increasing prevalence of global environmental issues, eg. climate change
- countries have environmental issues caused by others

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6
Q

what is the shrinking world?

A
  • the world is becoming more and more connected
    -Pre-1800s- goods and info transported by ships and horses
    -1800s- goods and info transported by steam bats and trains
    -1900s- goods and info transported by air travel
    -Now- info transported by the internet
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7
Q

How did transport accelerate globalisation?

A

-Containerisation- standardisation of shipping containers in the 1960s making it easier and cheaper to transport goods.

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8
Q

How did TNC’s accelerate globalisation?

A

-TNCs have invested in others in other countries and built links between the places they manufacture and where they sell their goods
- statistics:
today: 63,000 parent companies and 690,000 subsidiaries

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9
Q

How has computers and internet technology accelerated globalisation?

A

manufacturing can be doe in diverse locations and can be coordinated easily from a central headquarters.
Has also created ‘the digital economy’
- estimated to be worth $1.5 trillion in 2015
-Massive companies take away profit from smaller businesses

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10
Q

How have international organisations accelerated globalisation?

A

-UN keep peace between trading companies
world bank provides loans for developing countries

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11
Q

What are proportional flow diagrams?

A

an arrow showing something going from somewhere to somewhere else.
The thicker the line the bigger proportion/number of the thing being researched

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12
Q

How have international organisations accelerate globalisation?

A

Trade relies trust and cooperation, and the global economy has rue and referees

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13
Q

How have new markets accelerate globalisation?

A

Companies invest in new markets in order to make profit
The success of investment and sales is reflected in global stock markets and share prices

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14
Q

When was the shipping container created?

A

1955

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15
Q

What was so special about the new shipping container?

A

Low maintenance- 20-30 crew
Made of metal- strong
Universal- can go on ships, lorries, planes, trains, etc
Leads to increased products being shipped
Always the same measurements- stackable

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16
Q

When was Easy Jet founded?

A

1995

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17
Q

How many aircrafts did Easy Jet have in 1995?

A

2

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18
Q

How many aircrafts did Easy Jet have by 2014?

A

200

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19
Q

How many passengers did Easy Jet have in 1995?

A

30,000

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20
Q

How many passengers did Easy Jet have by 2014?

A

65,000,000

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21
Q

What was Easy Jet’s revenue in 2014?

A

£4 billion

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22
Q

What was the cost to fly one way to Edinburgh with Easy Jet in 1995?

A

£29

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23
Q

What was the cost to fly to Estonia with Easy Jet in 2014?

A

£40

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24
Q

When were the first telegraph cables across the Atlantic put in?

A

1860s

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25
Q

What year was the first satellite launched?

A

1970s

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26
Q

When was the World Trade Organisation (WTO) set up?

A

1994

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27
Q

What does the WTO promote?

A

International commerce (details in trade)

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28
Q

When was the International Monetary Fund (IMF) set up?

A

After WW2 (1940s)

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29
Q

What is the IMFs primary purpose?

A

Ensure stability of the international monetary system, increasing living standards and alleviate poverty

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30
Q

When was the World Bank (WB) set up?

A

After WW2 (1940s)

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31
Q

What does the WB provide?

A

Low interest loans to developing countries and advice to member states, acting as a bank

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32
Q

Free-trade

A

A policy where a gov. does not interfere with imports or exports by applying tariffs, subsidies, or quotas

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33
Q

Tariffs

A

A tax imposed on exports

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34
Q

Trade bloc

A

A voluntary international organisation that exists for trading purposes, bringing greater economic strength and security

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35
Q

Advantages of trade blocs

A

Bigger markets but no extra taxes
National firms can merge to form transnational companies
Protection from foreign competitors and political stability

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36
Q

Disadvantages of trade blocs

A

Loss of sovereignty
Interdependence

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37
Q

Privatisation

A

Where a gov. owned company changes to a privately owned company. Therefore, ownership of a business, agency, service, property from the public, to the private.

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38
Q

When did privatisation first occur?

A

1979

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39
Q

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

A

Often large areas of land set aside by a gov. in locations well placed for international trade

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40
Q

Aim of Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

A

Companies can import raw material and export finished products

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41
Q

Benefits of Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

A

Provides employment for locals, individuals pay taxes, technology transfer, domestic industries can work with/alongside the TNC. This overtime strengthens the domestic economy in the zone

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42
Q

How many people moved and escaped poverty due to the Pearl River Delta?

A

300 million

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43
Q

Date of China’s Open Door Policy

A

1978

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44
Q

What was life like in China before its Open Door Policy?

A

China was a poor and politically isolated country, ‘switched off’ from global economy

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45
Q

Number of people who migrated to cities after China’s Open Door Policy?

A

300 million

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46
Q

Number of cities with a pop. of over 1 million after China’s Open Door Policy?

A

200

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47
Q

Total pop. in the Pearl River Delta

A

120 million

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48
Q

Nickname of the Pearl River Delta?

A

Workshop of the world

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49
Q

CASE STUDY: Pearl River Delta
% of China’s GDP generated in SEZs in the 1990s

A

50%

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50
Q

CASE STUDY: Pearl River Delta
Average wages in 2015

A

US$40 a day

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51
Q

CASE STUDY: Pearl River Delta
TNCs located in the area

A

Foxconn in the Shenzhen SEZ and Apple

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52
Q

CASE STUDY: Pearl River Delta
Number of people in China who have escaped poverty since 1978

A

400million

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53
Q

Offshoring

A

Moving manufacturing to another country, normally for cheaper labour

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54
Q

Glocalisation

A

Choosing to maximise profits by adapting tosuit the taste

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55
Q

Outsourcing

A

Another company is paid to manufacture products for TNCs

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56
Q

Examples of glocalisation

A

Disney
McDonalds

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57
Q

Switched on

A

Places like nations, regions or cities that are strongly connected to other places through the prosuction and consumption of goods and services

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58
Q

Switched off

A

Places that are poorly connected

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59
Q

Reasons why North Korea is switched off to globalisation

A

Citizens don’t have access to social media
There are no undersea data cables connecting North Korea with anywhere else
Dictatorship
Politically isolated

60
Q

KOF index

A

Measures the extent of which countries are socially, politically and economically linked
Measures globalisation in three main dimensions:
1. social globalisation- telephone traffic, tourism, etc
2. economic globalisation- trade and FDI
3. political globalisation- membership of international organisations and political cooperation

61
Q

Advantages of KOF index

A

Wide range of globalisation data avaliable
Allows comparisons between countries
Info freely avaliable

62
Q

Disadvantages of KOF index

A

Bias- smaller countries are over-represented
Illegal migrants not included

63
Q

AT Kearney

A

US management consultancy AT Kearney produces a Global Cities Index which uses measures of buisness activity, human capital, info exchange, cultural experiences and political enagement to rank cities in terms of the quantity and quality of their global connections

64
Q

Advantages of AT Kearney

A

Covers 96% of world’s GDP
Covers 84% of world’s pop.
Allows for comparison between countries
Allows for comparison over time

65
Q

Disadvantages of AT Kearny

A

Not all countries and cities are included
Does not consider any measurment of restriction on trade and capital

66
Q

‘Global shift’ in economic activity

A

Describes the international relocation of different industries, especially manufacturing

67
Q

Number of people who have escaped $1.25 a day poverty since 1990 in Asia

A

1 billion

68
Q

Number of people who have escaped poverty in China

A

500 million

69
Q

Average earnings per day in Asia

A

US$10-US$100

70
Q

Number of unis in China, India and Korea

A

2500

71
Q

% of forest loss in Togo and Nigeria

A

60%

72
Q

Employment number in China in 1978 vs 2000

A

1978- 400 million
2000- 700 million

73
Q

China’s FDI in 2002 vs 2006-2010

A

2002- $52.7 billion
2006-1010- $100 billion

74
Q

Global outsourcing of services to India

A

By 2040 India is expected to be 2nd largest economy in 🌎

Many Indian citizens are fluent English speakers (legacy of British rule which ended in 1947)

Broadband activity is unusually high in Bangalore (long established tech hub

🔴some call centre workers complain their are exploited
🟢call centre workers earn good middle class wages by Indian standards

75
Q

CASE STUDY: China workshop of the world

A

300M increase in ppl in employment between 1978-2000

6 SEZs

4% contribution to world trade ⛴️

Produces over 50% of worlds shoes 👟

High speed rail. $24B. Reduces train travel time from 2 cities from 23hrs to 10hrs

Pearl river delta costs and benefits:
🟢$10B worth of exports in a month
🟢30M employed (increasing)
🔴increased pollution
🔴urban sprawl

76
Q

What are the envi impacts of development?

A

Water pollution:
Contaminated rivers

Deforestation:
Due to urbanisation and industry eg. In Malaysia

Air pollution:
Airpocypse. 460M affected. Ppl can’t leave houses (20M). Medical complications eg. Asthma and lung cancer which affects QoL

Light and noise pollution:
Due to factories
Yangtze River dolphins were found along worlds busiest shipping lanes

Flooding:
More greenhouse gases cause ice burgs to melt

77
Q

Environmental challenges for communities in developing countries: Indonesia

A

Area of rainforest as big as 100,000 football pitches is lost each year. Room is being created for palm oil plantations Burning of forests creates smoke pollution
BUT govs aren’t stopping anything

78
Q

Define deindustrialisation

A

Amount of industrialisation has decreased —> due to the decline and closure of the manufacturing industry

79
Q

What is the spiral of decline?

A

Industry shuts down
⬇️
People lose jobs
⬇️
People move away to find jobs
⬇️
Public services shut. Eg. Skls/ hospitals
⬇️
More ppl leave
⬇️
Older ppl stay and ppl who can’t afford to leave
⬇️
Becomes deprived and crime increases. Decreased QoL
⬇️
Abandoned buildings - vandalised
⬇️
Businesses don’t want to set up due to lack of highly qualified people
⬇️
DEPRIVATION

80
Q

CASE STUDY: Developed areas experiencing dereliction

A

DETROIT, USA

1920s = 4th largest city in USA —> thriving 🚗 industry

Industrial restructuring from global shift (eg. Car industry moving to Japan) resulted in dereliction, depopulation, crime and high unemployment

City lost 1/4 of pop.

Now 18th largest city in USA

20,000 abandoned properties

Reduction in tax revenue resulted in declared bankruptcy in 2013

Highest murder rate in us (45 per 100,000)

2/3 murders = drug related

81
Q

Cities in developing world urbanise more rapidly compared to cities in the developed world —> what problems might this cause?

A

Greater air and noise pollution

Gov invests more in tourism sector or other things in the city rather than what is actually essential

Poorer housing quality

Not enough schools for no. of children

Increase crime rates

82
Q

What is a mega city

A

Urban area

Population of more than 10M

Forming due to in migration and natural population growth

83
Q

What are elite international migrants?

A

Minority pop. group with:
High levels of wealth, social status, political influence, cultural influence. Most common in developed regions

Eg. Footballers

84
Q

Define low waged international migrations?

A

Few formal qualifications
Ppl working in low waged positions
Exploited by ‘people traffickers’. Found in developing regions

Eg. Working in construction

85
Q

What is internal migration?

A

Rural to urban migration

Live temporarily or permanently

More common in developing countries as they have a larger proportion of the population living in rural areas

86
Q

Rural Urban migration case study

A

N’DJAMENA, CHAD

N’Dajmena (capital of Chad) is growing fast:
—> 1950: 37,000
—> 2015: 2M

Rural push factors ➡️
Years of drought
Poverty
Temps top 45°C
100-200 cattle die annually due to drought
Can’t afford schooling due to lack of money made from agricultural farming

Urban pull factors ⬅️
Urban convenience - can buy essentials nearby and sell produce at markets
Clean water

87
Q

Define global culture

A

The shared customs and traditions that the world join in participating in

88
Q

How does glob affect ppl?

A

Migration

Jobs

Higher wages

Better healthcare and education

More human rights

89
Q

How does glob affect the envi?

A

Negative affects —> eg. Habitats being destroyed

Air, water, noise pollution

More envi laws

Introduction of new species

90
Q

Consequences of the growing global culture

A

Becoming more westernised
Countries like USA have particular influence (‘Americanisation’)
This is happening through cultural diffusion which has been able to occur due to media, migration, tourism, TNCs.
Has many effects, eg. new global language emerging (globish)

91
Q

Define cultural erosion

A

Loss of local and national global traits (eg. Food, religion, traditions, clothing, language)

When these local and national cultural traits are replaced by westernised global culture, it’s called hyper-globalisation

Eg. Disney. SE Asia wore red wedding dresses. Disney princesses wore white. Now brides wear white worldwide. Western culture has spread and taken over a very traditional custom

92
Q

What are the impacts of global culture in China?

A

Traditional to cycle. Due to cars, no longer the case

Fast food eg. McDonald’s :
100M obese in China which has x5 since 2002
9.7% China has diabetes (America = 11%)

Change in diet caused an increase in obesity due to 1978 open door policy

China used to be very healthy —> lots of veg, little meat

2000-2006 chocolate sales x4 in China

Wealth deficit problem:
Getting obese —> educated middle class —> fuelled by Chinese obsession with academic achievement—> no time for exercise —> spend money on food —> rural poor = still thin

93
Q

CASE STUDY of a megacity

A

MUMBAI, INDIA

4th largest city in 🌎
13M pop. 🧍
Global financial hub 💵
Main seaport of Arabian Sea since opening of Suez Canal 🌊
Growing due to inward migration and natural pop. growth 🧍
Large areas of slums and informal housing 🏠
Driven by rural to urban migration resulting in depressed wages and scarcity of goods 💰
Public services are easier to fund in densely populated areas so cities have better healthcare and education services which increases productivity and incomes and attracts migrants 🏙️
Commercial capital of India 💵

94
Q

What is green peace and what are their 6 major campaigns?

A

Reactions to global culture —> taking action

  1. STOP CLIMATE CHANGE 🛑
    Reduce fossil fuels, rainforest destruction
  2. SAVE THE ARCTIC 🧊
    Trying to stop the oil rush
  3. DEFEND OCEANS 🌊
    Home to 80% life on earth
    Species are being driven to extinction
    They’re campaigning for marine reserves
  4. PROTECT FORESTS 🌳
    80% destroyed/degraded
    Working to end logging of worlds ancient forests (protecting indigenous ppl who’s lives depend on them)
  5. ELIMINATE TOXINS 🏴‍☠️
    Threaten land, air, water, oceans
  6. WORK FOR PEACE ☮️
    Elimination of nuclear arsenals for 9 nuclear countries
95
Q

Reasons for France objecting to to glob and cultural diffusion (and actions taken) 🇫🇷

A

They’re worried the French will speak English and French will no longer be a language

Actions taken:
The academie (council of 40 writers + artists) = entrusted with protecting French from “Anglo Saxon attacks” and writing an official dictionary

This will urge French speakers to drop Anglo Saxon superlatives

96
Q

Reasons for Iran objecting to glob and cultural diffusion (and actions taken) 🇮🇷

A

Barbie dolls are sold wearing swimsuits and mini skirts in a society where women must wear headscarf’s in public

Actions taken:
Police have closed down dozens of toy shops in Iran due to them selling Barbie dolls
Authorities started confiscating them in 2002 due to the un Islamic characteristics
The campaign was dropped
Iran that year made their own dolls (Dara and Sara) designed to promote traditional values with modest clothing

97
Q

Who are pessimistic abt glob?

A

Envi activists eg. Green peace 💚 ☮️

98
Q

Who are optimistic abt glob?

A

TNCs as global provides business opportunities

99
Q

What is cultural appropriation?

A

The adoption of elements of a minority culture by members of the dominant culture
It is a reaction to glob and only happens because of it
Also called cultural misappropriations

100
Q

The richest _% of the globe owned __% of global wealth in ____

By ____ they owned __%

A

1%
44%
2009

2016
99%

101
Q

Define absolute poverty

A

Extreme poverty, where people have barely clean water, limited clothes/ if any and no electricity

102
Q

Define relative poverty

A

Severe poverty in a specific area compared to other people in that area, but could be seen as a good QoL by someone in absolute poverty

103
Q

What are a few development indicators?

A

GNI per capita
Drs. pp
Mortality rate
Life expectancy
No. ppl w/ access to clean water
Birth rate
Infant mortality rate
HDI
Literacy rate
Death rate
HIV/AIDs

104
Q

What are econ indicators of measuring development

A

Focus on the wealth of country. To standardise them they are measured in US dollars

105
Q

What are social (human) indicators of measuring development

A

Used to assess the wellbeing of a nations ppl

106
Q

What does a composite indicator measure?

A

Multi dimensional concepts

107
Q

What does a single indicator measure?

A

Economic value

108
Q

Measuring development:
HDI

A

What organisation created it?
UN development programme

When did it begin being used?
2010

Indicators used:
Life expectancy, GDP, Literacy rates

Who were ranked highest in 2014?
Norway

Who were ranked lowest in 2014?
Niger

109
Q

What does GEM stand for?
What country is at the top?

A

Gender Employment Measure
Norway

110
Q

What is the trend between GEM and HDI?

A

Higher the GEM the higher the HDI apart from Japan

111
Q

How does the representation of women in politics compare between Rwanda and UK?

A

🇷🇼 = 56%
🇬🇧 = 21%

112
Q

How can gender equality encourage development? (x5)

A

Promotes econ growth
Benefits household
Improves health
Leads to reduced pop. growth
Better gov

113
Q

What is the environmental performance index?

A

Created by: Yale University

Devel indicators used: pollution outdoors, quality of air inside people’s homes

Eg. Bangladesh had a score of 9

Benefits: improves as econ and social development occurs and places make the transition from industrial to post industrial forms of econ activity

114
Q

CASE STUDY: RANA PLAZA

A

RANA PLAZA, BANGLADESH

Factory producing clothes for brands like Mango, Primark, Zara

23rd April cracks appeared and all evacuated. Later in day they were told it was safe to work so all returned

24th April building collapsed with 3,122 workers inside

The building was planned for shops and offices - not factories so the structure was not strong enough to bear the weight and vibration of heavy machinery. Floors were also illegally added

Impacts:
Deaths: 1,134
Injured: 2,500

115
Q

CASE STUDY: MALAYSIA

A

Area as large as Denmark was deforested between 2000-2013

67% of Malaysia covered in forest

1980s became largest exporter of tropical wood

700km - area of forest flooded by Bankun Dam

116
Q

What is the gini coefficient?

A

Specifically designed to measure income distribution which has implication for the economic and health and national policy of a nation

It’s a statistical dispersion measurement

1 = complete inequality in incomes
0 = Everyone earns same amount

The closer the curve is to the line = the closer to 0

117
Q

What is the Lorenz curve?
What is the gini coefficient?

A

Lorenz curve - The visual graphical indicator (the curve)

Gini coefficient- the mathematical indicator (no. between 0 and 1)

118
Q

What is a limitation of the Gini Coefficient?

A

🔴 while low numbers represent greater equality they aren’t always a perfect indicator of economic health

119
Q

Define diasporas

A

The dispersion or spread of a group of people from their original homeland

120
Q

Define extremism

A

Vocal or active opposition of fundamental British values

121
Q

Define migration

A

The movement of people from one place to another

122
Q

Define immigration

A

The process of moving to a new country or region with the intention of staying and living there

123
Q

Define trade protectionism

A

Gov policies and actions taken to restrict or limit international trade in order to protect domestic industries from foreign competition

124
Q

CASE STUDY: London melting point

A

London has lots of cultures within it

It is the most culturally diverse city in the world

By 2050, Britain will be the most ethnically diverse nation

By 2066, white Britons will be in the minority

125
Q

What are the positives and negatives of immigration?

A

🟢Work. Pay taxes. Help make Britain wealthy
🟢Do work that locals dont want to do

🔴Crime
🔴Tensions between immigrants and different racial groups
🔴Political riots - usually against racism

126
Q

Examples of extremism in Europe

A

Nationalist parties often oppose migration; some reject multi-culturalism and openly embrace fascism

In the 1990s the UKs British National Party voiced its opposition to the continuing presence of post colonial migrants and their families

127
Q

Define censorship

A

the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or “inconvenient”.

128
Q

CASE STUDY: Internet censorship in China and North Korea

A

For nearly 70yrs the people’s republic of China has been ruled by the communist party. Chinas gov are intolerant of any criticism amounted against them by their own citizens
Google withdrew services in 2010

SIMILARLY

North Korea have no access to internet as a result of state controls

129
Q

CASE STUDY: Makong River

A

MAKONG RIVER, CHINA

Key players:
China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam
—> they want to build dams in order to have access to a reliable water source from the river
BUT if one country makes a region in the river it results in other countries having less water as there will no longer be a reliable water source from the river

130
Q

Controlling glob: censorship

A

Free flow of info and ideas is seen as a threat to China —> gives ppl ideas (eg. Arab spring)
Chinese gov enforces censorship of internet context

State controlled censorship = print publishing/ broadcasting is run by official state media

State monitored = overseas contacts or media are monitored and censored

Eg. China censored Covid 19 news and weren’t told until 2020

131
Q

Controlling glob: limiting immigration

A

Trump —> ‘Make America Great Again’ approach doesn’t want migration from Mexico/anywhere

132
Q

Controlling glob: trade protectionism

A

Trade protectionism is the deliberate attempt to limit imports or promote exports by putting up barriers to trade

Eg. USA and China —> protect trade in USA by placing v high tariffs on Chinese products so ppl in America use American products —> estimated to cost China $200B

133
Q

Define resource nationalism

A

A growing tendency of gov to take measurements to ensure that domestic industries and consumers have priority access to national resources

134
Q

Define ethical consumption

A

The consumer has considered the social and envi costs of production of the goods purchased. Type of consumer activism.

135
Q

What is the fair trade foundations certification scheme

A

Offers a guaranteed higher income to farmers even if market price changes

136
Q

What is supply chain monitoring

A

Occurs when large businesses increasingly accept the need for coorporate social responsibility
Eg. Apple investigated its iPhone touchscreen supplier when workers were poisoned by a chemical cleaning agent

137
Q

Current recycling initiatives

A

Recycling bins from council
Bottle caps attached to bottles
Paying for plastic bags

138
Q

Examples of how much countries recycle:
UK
Portugal
Germany
Italy

A

🇬🇧 39%
🇵🇹 19%
🇩🇪 62%
🇮🇹 80%

139
Q

Limitations of landfills

A

Hazard to wildlife
Can cause water pollution/ contamination
Releases harmful gases - methane, CO2, CFC
Plastic doesn’t compose quickly (300yrs+)
Visual pollution - local area value decreases

140
Q

What is the circular economy ?

A

Production —> consumption —> waste management —> from waste to resources

  • approach to sustainable development calling for careful management of materials
141
Q

CASE STUDY: sustainability

A

‘Zero Waste City’ SAN FRANCISCO

Zero waste by 2020 - achieved
Law to recycle - gives incentive
Composting - reduces production of greenhouse gases, used to feed farms and produce new crops and keeps materials out of landfill

142
Q

Sustainability and localism:
How many people are involved in the ‘new global middle class’

🔴What is the problem with this?

A

Almost 1B in Asia, Africa and Latin America in last 30 years
A further 2B are on the cusp of it

🔴more are expected to live this lifestyle even if they can’t afford it
🔴prices go up as more are buying it
🔴middle class standard is lowered

143
Q

Define economic sustainability

A

Access to reliable income over time

144
Q

Define social sustainability

A

Good QoL

145
Q

Define envi sustainability

A

No lasting damage should be done to envi

146
Q

CASE STUDY: brands being sustainable

A

FIJI WATER 🌺 🩵

🔴20,000km = distance transported to UK
🔴envi costs
🟢current solution —> ppl purchase locally sourced products without high food miles and envi pressure groups promote awareness of local sourcing

147
Q

Costs and benefits of local sourcing

A

🟢🧍Easier to satisfy local preferences and source specialised products
🔴🧍policy issues around encouraging competition and positive discrimination of local suppliers
🟢🌳 easier to travel to suppliers for development management and site inspection purposes
🟢💵 shorter supply chains and therefore greater predictability of delivery times and lower costs
🔴💵 supplier may depend too much on buyer leading to complacency

KEY:
💵 - economic
🧍- social
🌳- environmental
🟢 - benefit
🔴 - cost

Geography (7 decks)

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