P2 Exam

Question 1

Which statement is an accurate description of Perception?

A) Perception is a set of processes by which we recognize, organize & make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli.
B) Perception examines the mind and how it processes the various information we observe
every day.
C) Perception emphasizes how the mind works. It stresses the importance of the mind’s processes and functions.
D) All of the above.

Answer 1

A) Perception is a set of processes by which we recognize, organize & make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli.

Question 2

All the statements are true except for?

A) Knowledge is a key to perception.
B) Objects look different depending on the perspective.
C) Basic concepts of perception were introduced by William James.
D) Perception occurs when the informational medium carries information about a distal
object to a person.

Answer 2

C) Basic concepts of perception were introduced by William James.

Question 3

James Gibson introduced the basic concepts of perception which provided a useful
framework in studying perception. These concepts are:

A) Distal Medium, Informational Object, Proximal Stimulation & Perceptual Object
B) Distal Object, Informational Medium, Proximal Stimulation & Perceptual Object
C) Distal Object, Informational Stimulation, Proximal Medium & Perceptual Object
D) Distal Object, Informational Medium, Proximal Object & Perceptual Stimulation Medium

Answer 3

B) Distal Object, Informational Medium, Proximal Stimulation & Perceptual Object

Question 4

The following description of modality is true EXCEPT for?

A) Vision – Sight
B) Audition – Sound
C) Gustation – Touch
D) Audition – sound

Answer 4

C) Gustation – Touch

Question 5

Which among the following statements is true?

A) Ganzfeld Effect is the uniform visual field which is also known as “complete field” while a percept is mental presentation of a stimulus that is perceived.
B) Perceptual Effect is the uniform visual field which is also known as “complete field” while
a ganzfeld is mental presentation of a stimulus that is perceived.
C) Ganzfeld and Perceptual effect are both uniform visual fields which are also known as
“complete fields.”
D) All statements are true.

Answer 5

A) Ganzfeld Effect is the uniform visual field which is also known as “complete field” while a percept is mental presentation of a stimulus that is perceived.

Question 6

The following are correct representation of the visual pathways in the brain except for?

A) The Dorsal Pathway is the “Where Pathway”. It processes location & motion information.
B) The Ventral Pathway is the “What Pathway”. It processes the color, shape & identity of
visual stimuli.
C) The Dorsal Pathway ascends from the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe to the
parietal lobe.
D) The Ventral Pathway descends from the primary visual cortex to the parietal lobe.

Answer 6

D) The Ventral Pathway descends from the primary visual cortex to the parietal lobe.

Question 7

The following statements best describe Perception Theories except for?

A) Bottom-Up Theories are theories suggesting that perception starts with the sensory stimuli taken in by our brain and is a data-driven approach.
B) Bottom-Up Theories are theories suggesting that perception starts with the sensory stimuli taken in by our eyes, then processed by the brain and is a data-driven approach.
C) Top-Down Theories are theories that suggest that perception is influenced by higher-level cognitive processes, existing knowledge & expectations.
D) All of the above.

Answer 7

A) Bottom-Up Theories are theories suggesting that perception starts with the sensory stimuli taken in by our brain and is a data-driven approach.

Question 8

Choose which statement/s is/are true.

A) Bottom-Up Theories suggest that perception starts with the sensory stimuli taken in by our eyes, and then the brain processes this data. It is a data-driven approach.
B) Down-Top Theories propose that perception is influenced by higher-level cognitive processes, existing knowledge, and expectations. Perception starts with what we know
and expect, then considers the sensory data.
C) Gibson’s Theory of Direct Perception suggests that the information in our
sensory receptors including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything.
D) Neuroscience indicates that direct perception is not involved in a person’s perception.

Answer 8

C) Gibson’s Theory of Direct Perception suggests that the information in our
sensory receptors including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything.

Question 9

Which of the following statements correctly describes the perception theories?

A) Gibson’s Theory of Direct Perception suggests that all information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything.
B) Template Theories suggest that our minds store myriad sets of templates.
C) Feature-Matching Theories attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory.
D) All of the above.

Answer 9

D) All of the above.

Question 10

Which statement based describes Visual Perception?

A) Visual perception is a mechanism wherein the brain processes the information you have
“sensed” through your eyes. This information is called a stimulus, and under the context of visual perception, it is most likely in a form of light waves.
B) Visual perception helps one understand the world he lives in.
C) Visual perception is a “mechanism” wherein the brain processes the information sensed
through the “eyes”.
D) All statements are true and correct.

Answer 10

D) All statements are true and correct.

Question 11

Read through the statements below and choose your best answer.
i. Stimulus refers to any type of physical energy such as light waves.
ii. Stimulus happens when the sensation comes into contact with your sense organs.
iii. Transduction occurs once the sensory neurons pick up the stimulus. The light waves
iv. are converted from physical energy into electrical signals that are fired from one neuron to another until it reaches the brain.
v. Perception occurs when the electrical signals are being interpreted by the brain. It takes into account your unique experiences and psychological makeup.

A) All statements are correct.
B) Only Statements i & iii are correct.
C) Except for statement ii, all statements above are correct.
D) Statements iii, iv & v are correct.

Answer 11

C) Except for statement ii, all statements above are correct.

Question 12

Micah was cleaning her room while listening to her favorite Taylor Swift song when she saw an old photograph of hers together with her parents. This led her to remember her childhood days. What type of modality in perception was used in this scenario?

A) Olfaction - smell
B) Vision - sight
C) Audition – sound
D) Gustation – taste

Answer 12

B) Vision - sight

Question 13

Giezhel was having her regular gym exercises when she felt pain in her knees. This happened when her knees accidentally touched a metal rod in the gym. Which modality led
to perception formation?

A) Touch
B) Vision - sight
C) Audition – sound
D) Gustation – taste

Answer 13

A) Touch

Question 14

Which among the statements correctly identifies Figure-ground principle.

A) Your figure is either the white vase against the gray background, or the two gray faces against the white background.
B) You perceive the sunflower photograph as it is printed in the activity sheet and is rotated at 90 degrees.
C) You group one row of small circles, one row of big circles, and the last two rows may constitute one big group.
D) You look at the waves of lines as continuous and overlapping instead of separated from each other.

Answer 14

A) Your figure is either the white vase against the gray background, or the two gray faces against the white background.

Question 15

Which among the statements correctly identifies the Similarity principle.

A) Your figure is either the white vase against the gray background, or the two gray faces against the white background.
B) You perceive the sunflower photograph as it is printed in the activity sheet and is rotated at 90 degrees.
C) You group one row of small circles, one row of big circles, and the last two rows may constitute one big group.
D) You look at the waves of lines as continuous and overlapping instead of separated from each other.

Answer 15

C) You group one row of small circles, one row of big circles, and the last two rows may constitute one big group.

Question 16

Which among the statements correctly identifies the Continuity principle.

A) Your figure is either the white vase against the gray background, or the two gray faces against the white background.
B) You perceive the sunflower photograph as it is printed in the activity sheet and is rotated at 90 degrees.
C) You group one row of small circles, one row of big circles, and the last two rows may constitute one big group.
D) You look at the waves of lines as continuous and overlapping instead of separated from each other.

Answer 16

D) You look at the waves of lines as continuous and overlapping instead of separated from each other.

Question 17

Which among the statements correctly identifies the Closure principle.

A) Your figure is either the white vase against the gray background, or the two gray faces against the white background.
B) You perceive the sunflower photograph as it is printed in the activity sheet and is rotated at 90 degrees.
C) You group one row of small circles, one row of big circles, and the last two rows may constitute one big group.
D) You perceive the image as a rugby ball, not a group of shapes that are separated by white spaces.

Answer 17

D) You perceive the image as a rugby ball, not a group of shapes that are separated by white spaces.

Question 18

Which among the statements correctly identifies the Feature Analysis System.

A) You perceive the sunflower by taking into account the other sunflowers sharing the same space as well as the surrounding landscape.
B) You perceive the sunflower by taking into account its petals, stem and leaves.
C) You group one row of small circles, one row of big circles, and the last two rows may constitute one big group.
D) You perceive the image as a rugby ball, not a group of shapes that are separated by white spaces.

Answer 18

B) You perceive the sunflower by taking into account its petals, stem and leaves.

Question 19

Which among the statements correctly identifies the Configurational System.

A) You perceive the sunflower by taking into account the other sunflowers sharing
the same space as well as the surrounding landscape.
B) You perceive the sunflower by taking into account its petals, stem and leaves.
C) You group one row of small circles, one row of big circles, and the last two rows may constitute one big group.
D) You perceive the image as a rugby ball, not a group of shapes that are separated by white spaces.

Answer 19

A) You perceive the sunflower by taking into account the other sunflowers sharing the same space as well as the surrounding landscape.

Question 20

Mr. Miyagi is a painter and his model has always been a flower. He loves to show the different perspectives he sees in his flower models. Shot and painted in different angles, Mr. Miyagi gives a refreshing take on how he views his flower models as he utilizes his perception and how views his flower models in every painting he does. In this scenario, which type of perspective does Mr. Miyagi has on his flower models?

A) Object-centered representation
B) Figure-ground representation
C) Viewer-centered representation
D) All of the above.

Answer 20

C) Viewer-centered representation

Question 21

Imagine you are a lifeguard at a crowded beach on a hot summer day. You notice a person who appears to be struggling in the water. As you focus on the situation, you realize that there is a high chance that the person is in trouble, but you are not entirely sure. According to signal-detection theory, what would be the most appropriate action to
take?

A) Wait until you are completely certain before acting.
B) Ignore the situation since you are unsure.
C) Act immediately to assist the person, even if it turns out to be a false alarm.
D) Check with other lifeguards before taking any action.

Answer 21

C) Act immediately to assist the person, even if it turns out to be a false alarm.

Question 22

In signal-detection theory, what is considered a false alarm?

A) Correctly identifying the absence of a target.
B) Failing to detect the presence of a target.
C) Incorrectly identifying the presence of a target.
D) Correctly identifying the presence of a target.

Answer 22

C) Incorrectly identifying the presence of a target.

Question 23

You are driving late at night and need to stay vigilant to avoid accidents. Suddenly, a small animal darts across the road. Your quick response helps you avoid hitting it. Which aspect of attention did you likely rely on in this situation?

A) Divided attention.
B) Vigilance
C) Selective attention.
D) Conscious detailed processing

Answer 23

B) Vigilance

Question 24

As an airport security screener, you are responsible for identifying potential threats in
passenger luggage. After scanning several bags with no issues, you come across an image that is unclear but could potentially indicate a weapon. What should you do according to the principles of signal-detection theory?

A) Ignore the image since it is unclear.
B) Treat the image as a potential threat.
C) Assume it is a mistake and let the bag pass through.
D) Increase your criteria for considering something a threat and allow the bag to pass.

Answer 24

B) Treat the image as a potential threat.

Question 25

While studying for an exam, you realize that you can recall specific details only if you focus intensely on the material. How does this situation illustrate the relationship between attention and memory?

A) Attention increases the likelihood that you will remember the information later.
B) Focusing on the material doesn’t matter since memory works independently of
attention.
C) Divided attention enhances memory recall.
D) Unconscious processes are more effective in retaining information.

Answer 25

A) Attention increases the likelihood that you will remember the information later.

Question 26

Which term in signal detection theory refers to correctly identifying the absence of a signal?

A) Hit
B) Miss
C) False alarm
D) Correct rejection

Answer 26

D) Correct rejection

Question 27

In signal detection theory, what does “sensitivity” refer to?

A) The ability to correctly reject the absence of a signal.
B) The ability to correctly identify a signal when it is present.
C) The tendency to falsely identify a signal when it is absent.
D) The overall accuracy in detecting signals and rejecting non-signals.

Answer 27

D) The overall accuracy in detecting signals and rejecting non-signals.

Question 28

Why are conjunction searches generally more difficult than feature searches?

A) They require scanning a larger area of the environment.
B) They involve combining multiple features to identify the target.
C) They rely on auditory cues rather than visual cues.
D) They are disrupted by the presence of more distracters.

Answer 28

B) They involve combining multiple features to identify the target.

Question 29

According to feature-integration theory, why is a feature search easier than a conjunction
search?

A) Feature searches rely on conscious attention to process each feature.
B) Feature searches involve automatic perception of single features.
C) Conjunction searches require more distracters to be present.
D) Conjunction searches are performed without conscious attention.

Answer 29

B) Feature searches involve automatic perception of single features.

Question 30

What phenomenon does Colin Cherry refer to as the “cocktail party problem”?

A) The difficulty of tracking a conversation in a noisy environment.
B) The ability to focus on one conversation while ignoring others.
C) The challenge of distinguishing between similar voices in a crowd.
D) The process of memorizing multiple conversations simultaneously.

Answer 30

B) The ability to focus on one conversation while ignoring others.

Question 31

According to research, why might some people notice their names in an unattended message?

A) They have a larger working-memory capacity.
B) Their names have a higher sensory threshold.
C) Their names carry high personal importance.
D) The unattended message is always partially processed.

Answer 31

C) Their names carry high personal importance.

Question 32

According to the early filter model, at what stage is information filtered?

A) After being stored in long-term memory.
B) Right after sensory information is noticed.
C) After short-term memory processing.
D) During the perceptual analysis of the stimuli.

Answer 32

B) Right after sensory information is noticed.

Question 33

How does the attenuation model differ from the early filter model?

A) It blocks out all unattended stimuli completely.
B) It weakens the strength of unattended stimuli rather than blocking them entirely.
C) It only processes stimuli with high sensory intensity.
D) It filters information later in the process after meaning is analyzed.

Answer 33

B) It weakens the strength of unattended stimuli rather than blocking them entirely.

Question 34

What are “preattentive processes” according to Neisser’s synthesis of early and late filter
models?

A) Processes that are slow and require conscious effort.
B) Processes that occur automatically.
C) Processes that discern the meaning and relationships of the unattended message.
D) Processes that are dependent on the intensity of the stimuli.

Answer 34

B) Processes that occur automatically.

Question 35

Which model would best explain why a person might recognize their name in an unattended conversation at a noisy party?

A) Early Filter Model
B) Attenuation Model
C) Late Filter Model
D) All of the above

Answer 35

B) Attenuation Model

Question 36

According to Neisser and Becklen (1975), what was a key finding about monitoring multiple tasks?

A) Participants were equally effective at monitoring two tasks regardless of practice.
B) Participants could easily switch between tasks without any decrease in performance.
C) Performance declined significantly when trying to monitor both tasks
simultaneously.
D) Participants performed better when tasks were superimposed on one another.

Answer 36

C) Performance declined significantly when trying to monitor both tasks
simultaneously.

Question 37

What did Spelke, Hirst, and Neisser’s (1976) research reveal about task performance with
practice?

A) Practice had no effect on performance for reading and dictation tasks.
B) Participants became faster and more accurate at both tasks after extensive practice.
C) Performance on the reading task deteriorated with practice, while dictation improved.
D) Participants were unable to improve their performance on either task through practice.

Answer 37

B) Participants became faster and more accurate at both tasks after extensive practice.

Question 38

Which model of attention suggests that people have multiple pools of attentional resources for different modalities?

A) Single-pool model
B) Capacity model
C) Multiple-pool model
D) Filter model

Answer 38

C) Multiple-pool model

Question 39

Imagine you are driving and need to respond to a text message while also listening to a podcast. According to the text, which of the following is most likely to happen?

A) You will handle both tasks equally well without any decline in performance.
B) Your reaction time to driving situations will decrease and may miss important cues.
C) The podcast will become less engaging, but you’re driving will remain unaffected.
D) You will perform better on the text message while driving safely.

Answer 39

B) Your reaction time to driving situations will decrease and may miss important cues.

Question 40

You are reading a novel while writing a list of words dictated to you. After several weeks of practice, you start to notice that the words in the dictation are related to each other in meaningful ways. What does this improvement suggest about the nature of divided attention tasks?

A) Divided attention tasks never improve with practice.
B) Tasks can become more automatic on attentional resources with practice.
C) The tasks will always remain equally challenging regardless of practice.
D) Tasks will become less related and harder to manage over time.

Answer 40

B) Tasks can become more automatic on attentional resources with practice.

Question 41

Which of the following best describe about attention and intelligence interaction?

A) Attention and intelligence are independent of each other; changes in one do not affect the other.
B) Effective attention enhances intelligence by facilitating the efficient processing of relevant information and supporting complex cognitive tasks.
C) Intelligence determines the level of attention an individual can exert; higher intelligence leads to better control over attention.
D) Attention only impacts creative intelligence, while analytical and practical intelligence are unaffected by attentional processes.

Answer 41

B) Effective attention enhances intelligence by facilitating the efficient processing of relevant information and supporting complex cognitive tasks.

Question 42

According to current models of attention in neuroscience, which network is primarily
involved in maintaining alertness and preparing for incoming stimuli?

A) The Executive Network
B) The Orienting Network
C) The Default Mode Network
D) The Alerting Network

Answer 42

C) The Default Mode Network

Question 43

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the interaction between the attentional networks and cognitive load as described by contemporary neuroscience models?

A) A person struggling to maintain focus while multitasking on complex tasks that require switching between different types of cognitive processing.
B) An individual who can easily filter out background noise while concentrating on a
single, familiar task with minimal cognitive effort.
C) A student who excels in recalling memorized facts quickly but has difficulty solving novel problems that require creative thinking.
D) A researcher who successfully completes a simple arithmetic problem after being
briefly distracted by an unrelated conversation.

Answer 43

A) A person struggling to maintain focus while multitasking on complex tasks that require switching between different types of cognitive processing.

Question 44

How could applying Posner’s theory of attention, specifically the concept of the orienting
network, enhance strategies for managing multitasking in a high-stress work environment?

A) By focusing exclusively on improving executive control without considering how
attentional shifts affect multitasking.
B) By designing training programs that enhance the ability to selectively direct attention to multiple tasks simultaneously, thereby improving overall efficiency.
C) By prioritizing alertness over the ability to switch attention, which may not fully address the demands of multitasking in stressful conditions.
D) By increasing awareness of how background distractions affect attentional focus
without addressing the specific needs for task-switching skills.

Answer 44

B) By designing training programs that enhance the ability to selectively direct attention to multiple tasks simultaneously, thereby improving overall efficiency.

Question 45

Which of the following statements provides the most accurate assessment of the impact
of attentional control on intelligence as measured by contemporary cognitive psychology?

A) Enhanced attentional control universally improves intelligence across all domains and
contexts, regardless of the type of cognitive task.
B) Attentional control has a selective impact on specific types of intelligence, such as
practical intelligence, but does not influence creative or analytical intelligence.
C) Improved attentional control can facilitate higher performance in tasks requiring complex problem-solving and cognitive flexibility, reflecting its influence on
multiple facets of intelligence.
D) The relationship between attentional control and intelligence is negligible, as intelligence
is primarily determined by innate cognitive abilities rather than attentional processes.

Answer 45

C) Improved attentional control can facilitate higher performance in tasks requiring complex problem-solving and cognitive flexibility, reflecting its influence on
multiple facets of intelligence

Question 46

Which among the following best describe the impact of reaction time and inspection time
on our understanding of intelligence based on the provided research?

A) Reaction time and inspection time are both reliable indicators of intelligence, with reaction time providing a direct measure of neural conduction speed and
inspection time reflecting decision-making accuracy.
B) Reaction time and inspection time are ineffective for measuring intelligence because they do not correlate with other intelligence tests or cognitive abilities.
C) Reaction time is a better measure of intelligence than inspection time, as it directly assesses neural processing speed without considering attentional factors.
D) Inspection time is more relevant than reaction time for understanding intelligence, as it solely measures focused attention rather than neural conduction speed.

Answer 46

A) Reaction time and inspection time are both reliable indicators of intelligence, with reaction time providing a direct measure of neural conduction speed and
inspection time reflecting decision-making accuracy.

Question 47

How could integrating research on both inspection time and reaction time improve
strategies for cognitive training programs aimed at enhancing intelligence?

A) By focusing exclusively on improving reaction time without considering the role of inspection time in decision-making processes.
B) By using insights from both inspection time and reaction time to design
comprehensive cognitive training programs that address both the speed of
information processing and the accuracy of responses.
C) By prioritizing inspection time as a sole measure of cognitive ability, ignoring the
potential benefits of improving reaction time.
D) By treating inspection time and reaction time as independent variables, thus neglecting their combined impact on cognitive efficiency and intelligence.

Answer 47

B) By using insights from both inspection time and reaction time to design
comprehensive cognitive training programs that address both the speed of
information processing and the accuracy of responses.

Question 48

Which of the following accurately describes the role of inspection time and reaction time in
understanding cognitive efficiency?

A) Inspection time measures how quickly individuals can respond to stimuli, while reaction
time assesses the efficiency of neural conduction, with both being unrelated to
intelligence.
B) Inspection time evaluates the duration of focused attention on stimuli and correlates with intelligence, while reaction time reflects the speed of neuronal conduction, which is also linked to intelligence.
C) Reaction time provides a measure of cognitive ability based solely on response speed,
while inspection time focuses on the accuracy of decision-making, with neither correlating with intelligence.
D) Both inspection time and reaction time measure the accuracy of responses to stimuli
but do not provide meaningful insights into cognitive efficiency or intelligence.

Answer 48

B) Inspection time evaluates the duration of focused attention on stimuli and correlates with intelligence, while reaction time reflects the speed of neuronal conduction, which is also linked to intelligence.

Question 49

If attention fails us, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the impact on cognitive processes and performance?

A) Individuals may experience increased cognitive flexibility, allowing them to adapt more quickly to changing task demands due to the reduced focus on irrelevant stimuli.
B) Attention failure can lead to impaired working memory, resulting in difficulties in holding and manipulating information necessary for complex problem-solving tasks.
C) The failure of attention might enhance overall cognitive efficiency by reducing the cognitive load required for managing multiple tasks simultaneously.
D) Individuals with failed attention are likely to show improved accuracy in decision-making as they become more adept at ignoring distractions and focusing solely on relevant information.

Answer 49

B) Attention failure can lead to impaired working memory, resulting in difficulties in holding and manipulating information necessary for complex problem-solving tasks.

Question 50

Why is it crucial to study attention in individuals with disabilities?

A) To improve the understanding of specific attentional challenges faced by individuals with disabilities and to create tailored interventions and support strategies.
B) To develop a universal treatment approach that applies the same strategies to all
cognitive challenges, regardless of individual differences.
C) To validate the existing theories of attention in typically developing individuals without considering the unique needs of those with disabilities.
D) To focus solely on increasing the efficiency of educational and occupational environments without addressing the underlying attentional issues.

Answer 50

A) To improve the understanding of specific attentional challenges faced by individuals with disabilities and to create tailored interventions and support strategies.

Question 51

How might the differing views on conscious access to complex mental processes influence the development of strategies for problem-solving and decision-making?

A) By relying solely on conscious problem-solving strategies and ignoring unconscious
biases that may affect decision-making outcomes.
B) By integrating methods that enhance conscious access to problem-solving processes and acknowledging that some aspects of our decision-making may be influenced by unconscious factors.
C) By focusing exclusively on improving unconscious processing techniques, without
addressing the role of conscious thought in problem-solving and decision-making.
D) By assuming that conscious awareness of mental processes is not useful and thus disregarding its potential benefits in designing problem-solving strategies and decision-making approaches.

Answer 51

D) By assuming that conscious awareness of mental processes is not useful and thus disregarding its potential benefits in designing problem-solving strategies and decision-making approaches.

Question 52

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of preconscious processing?

A) You are focused on a complex math problem and suddenly remember a friend’s phone number, which you hadn’t consciously thought about.
B) You are actively recalling the details of a recent vacation and discussing them with
friends during a conversation.
C) You notice the sensation of your phone vibrating on your desk while you are deeply
engrossed in reading a novel.
D) You are unaware of the background music playing in a café until someone points it out, at which point you consciously become aware of it.

Answer 52

A) You are focused on a complex math problem and suddenly remember a friend’s phone number, which you hadn’t consciously thought about.

Question 53

What does the phenomenon of blindsight illustrate about preconscious perception in individuals with visual cortex lesions?

A) It demonstrates that all visual information processing is fully conscious, even in the
presence of cortical blindness.
B) It shows that individuals with visual cortex lesions are unable to process any visual
information, regardless of their conscious awareness.
C) It reveals that some visual processing can occur without conscious awareness, allowing individuals with blindsight to respond to stimuli in blind areas despite
lacking conscious perception.
D) It indicates that visual stimuli presented to blind areas of the visual field are always consciously perceived and acted upon, regardless of cortical damage.

Answer 53

C) It reveals that some visual processing can occur without conscious awareness, allowing individuals with blindsight to respond to stimuli in blind areas despite
lacking conscious perception.

Question 54

Which scenario best illustrates the difference between habituation and dishabituation?

A) A person becomes accustomed to the sound of their refrigerator running and no longer notices it, but then becomes startled when the refrigerator suddenly
makes an unusual noise.
B) An individual initially finds the taste of a new type of coffee unpleasant but eventually grows to enjoy it after several sips.
C) A child learns to distinguish between different colors after being exposed to various
color stimuli repeatedly.
D) An employee adapts to a noisy work environment over time and continues to work without being disturbed by the noise.

Answer 54

A) A person becomes accustomed to the sound of their refrigerator running and no longer notices it, but then becomes startled when the refrigerator suddenly
makes an unusual noise.

Question 55

What does the “tip-of-the-tongue” phenomenon illustrate about cognitive processing and memory retrieval?

A) It demonstrates that memory retrieval is always accurate, but the individual is unable to access the specific information at that moment.
B) It shows that the information is not stored in long-term memory and cannot be retrieved under any circumstances.
C) It reflects a temporary failure in accessing a specific piece of information from memory, even though the information is known and stored in long-term memory.
D) It indicates that the cognitive processes involved in memory retrieval are always
disrupted by external distractions and never function correctly.

Answer 55

D) It indicates that the cognitive processes involved in memory retrieval are always
disrupted by external distractions and never function correctly.

Question 56

Consider the following scenarios involving priming. Which scenario best illustrates the
integration of priming effects into a broader understanding of cognitive processing?

A) A participant reads a list of positive words before taking a test and subsequently performs better on tasks related to positive emotions, demonstrating that priming influences performance by affecting emotional state.
B) A person who is exposed to the word “apple” is faster to identify the word “fruit” than someone who was exposed to an unrelated word, indicating that priming facilitates cognitive processing by increasing the accessibility of related
concepts.
C) An individual who is primed with complex mathematical problems shows improved
problem-solving skills in unrelated areas, suggesting that priming enhances overall
cognitive ability rather than influencing specific tasks.
D) After being exposed to a series of negative images, a participant reports difficulty in
focusing on neutral stimuli, illustrating that priming alters attention span but does not
affect cognitive processing directly.

Answer 56

B) A person who is exposed to the word “apple” is faster to identify the word “fruit” than someone who was exposed to an unrelated word, indicating that priming facilitates cognitive processing by increasing the accessibility of related
concepts.

Question 57

How does the transition from controlled to automatic processing influence the efficiency
and accuracy of complex cognitive tasks, considering factors such as task familiarity and
cognitive load?

A) The familiarity and processing become automatic, efficiency increases while accuracy remains stable or improves due to reduced cognitive load and increased processing speed.
B) Automatic processing reduces both efficiency and accuracy for complex tasks, as the lack of conscious control leads to errors despite reduced cognitive load.
C) The transition to automatic processing has no impact on either efficiency or accuracy,
as these factors are solely determined by task complexity and cognitive load.
D) Efficiency decreases as tasks become automatic due to decreased conscious oversight,
while accuracy improves because automatic processing reduces cognitive load.

Answer 57

A) The familiarity and processing become automatic, efficiency increases while accuracy remains stable or improves due to reduced cognitive load and increased processing speed.

Question 58

Considering the process of automatization in skill acquisition, which strategy best integrates the principles of automatization to enhance learning and performance?

A) Practice deliberately with feedback to transition from cognitive to automatic execution.
B) Repetitively practice without considering cognitive aspects, relying on repetition alone.
C) Start with automatic practice, expecting automatic performance to develop on its own.
D) Focus on theoretical learning without practical application, assuming automatic performance will follow.

Answer 58

A) Practice deliberately with feedback to transition from cognitive to automatic execution.

Question 59

Which of the following best describes the impact of spatial neglect on a patient’s ability to navigate their environment?

A) Spatial neglect causes an inability to perceive colors accurately, resulting in difficulties
identifying and distinguishing objects based on color.
B) Spatial neglect impairs the ability to recognize familiar faces, affecting social interactions
and emotional responses.
C) Spatial neglect leads to a complete loss of visual perception, making it impossible to see or interact with any objects in the environment.
D) Spatial neglect results in difficulty focusing on objects located in the left visual field, leading to challenges in navigating and interacting with objects on the left side.

Answer 59

C) Spatial neglect leads to a complete loss of visual perception, making it impossible to see or interact with any objects in the environment.

Question 60

In the context of spatial neglect, how might a patient’s performance on a line bisection task help diagnose the condition?

A) The patient will accurately bisect lines centrally, indicating no evidence of spatial
neglect.
B) The patient will consistently bisect lines toward the right side, reflecting an inability to attend to the left side of the visual field.
C) The patient will evenly distribute their attention across the entire line, regardless of the location of the bisecting point.
D) The patient will show a preference for bisecting lines slightly above the center, demonstrating heightened attention to upper visual fields.

Answer 60

B) The patient will consistently bisect lines toward the right side, reflecting an inability to attend to the left side of the visual field.